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Anatomy Midterm 2 > Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that conduct signals

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2
Q

Neuroglia

A

support cells for the neurons

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies within the central nervous system

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4
Q

Ganglion

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

the cell body is central, and protrudes from the nucleus

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6
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

the cell body is central, and in line with the axon

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7
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

the cell body is located at the dendritic end of the neuron

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8
Q

Axon Hillock - Initial Segment

A

part of the cell body that connects to the axon - last point where potentials from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to axon

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9
Q

Satellite Cells

A

type of neuroglia in PNS, surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia

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10
Q

Schwann Cells

A

type of neuroglia in PNS, surround all axons, responsible for myelination of peripheral axons

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11
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

type of neuroglia in CNS, myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework

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12
Q

Astrocytes

A

type of neuroglia in CNS, maintain blood-brain barrier, provide structural support

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13
Q

Microglia

A

type of neuroglia in CNS, remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

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14
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

type of neuroglia in CNS, line ventricles and central canal

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15
Q

Meninges

A 
cover and protect the CNS
three types:
1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia Mater
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16
Q

Dura Mater

A

type of meninge, tough outer layer of CNS

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17
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

type of meninge, CSF - cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

Pia Mater

A

type of meninge, intimate contact with CNS

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19
Q

Calvaria

A

skull cap

20
Q

Layers of CNS Protection

A

Scalp (top) –> Pericranium –> Calvaria (skull cap) –> Dura Mater –> Arachnoid Mater –> Pia Mater

21
Q

Three main parts of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brain stem
22
Q

Functions of the Cerebrum

A
  • higher cognitive function
  • language and speech
  • somatic motor function
  • somatic sensory function
  • regulates emotional aspects of behaviour
23
Q

Hemispheres of the Cerebrum

A

Right and Left (separated by Longitudinal/Inhermispheric Fissure)

24
Q

Poles of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal (Anterior), Occipital (Posterior) and 2 Temporal (Lateral)

25
Q

Sulcus

A

depression or fissure in the surface of the brain

26
Q

Gyrus

A

ridge on the cerebral cortex, usually surrounded by one or more sulci

27
Q

Lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal

28
Q

Frontal Lobe Function

A

higher cognitive, planning, strategy, motor

29
Q

Parietal Lobe Function

A

perception of self in space, sensory

30
Q

Temporal Lobe Function

A

memory, learning, social, hearing

31
Q

Occipital Lobe Function

A

vision

32
Q

Motor Homunculus

A

Precentral Gyrus of central sulcus

33
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

Postcentral Gyrus of central sulcus

34
Q

Fibre Tracts in the Brain

A
  • Projection Fibres
  • Association Fibres
  • Commissural Fibres
35
Q

Projection Fibres

A

travel to and from cortex

36
Q

Association Fibres

A

intrahemispheric connections, short or long

37
Q

Commissural Fibres

A

inter hemispheric connections

38
Q

Function of the Cerebellum

A
  • acts as a comparator - compares intended movement with evolving movement and corrects for errors
  • ensures movements are smooth, coordinated and purposefull (skilled)
  • regulates posture and balance
39
Q

Cerebellar ataxia

A

disease affecting the cerebellum, intention tremor, lack of balance and coordination

40
Q

Parts of the Brainstem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
41
Q

Function of the Brainstem

A
  • contains motor and sensory pathways connecting cerebral cortex & thalamus to spinal cord
  • houses cranial nerve nuclei (origins of CNS)
  • contains Reticular Activating System - important for arousal of cortex and consciousness
  • vital centres for regulating heart rate & breathing
  • centres for regulating swallowing & gag reflex
42
Q

Parts of the Midbrain

A
  1. Substantia Nigra
  2. Red Nucleus
  3. Relay centres for visual & auditory pathways
  4. Cranial nerves III and IV attached to it
43
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

found in the midbrain

  • regulates motor activity
  • neuronal degeneration –> Parkinson’s disease
44
Q

Red Nucleus

A

found in the midbrain

- regulates motor activity

45
Q

Pons

A

part of the midbrain

“bridge” between cerebrum and cerebella, cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII attached to it

46
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

part of the midbrain

contains vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centres, cranial nerves IX, X , XI, and XII

47
Q

Circle of Willis

A

circle of arteries that supply blood the brain and surrounding structures

Anatomy Midterm 2 (7 decks)

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