INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 components of urinary system?
A
- Kidney
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
2
Q
Carry the urine to the bladder
A
Ureters
3
Q
Delivers the urine for excretion
A
Urethra
4
Q
Where urine us formed by filtration of blood
A
Kidney
5
Q
Stores the urine produced
A
Bladder
6
Q
What is the kidney’s function?
A
- Maintaining homeostasis
- Regularion of body fluids
- Excretion of waste products
7
Q
The functional unit of the kidney
A
Nephron
8
Q
Enumerate parts of nephron
A
- glomerulus
- bowman’s capsule
- proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- afferent arteriole
- efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillaries
- vasa recta
9
Q
Two types of nephron
A
- cortical nephron
- juxtamedullary nephron
10
Q
Primary function is concentration of the urine
A
Juxtamedullary nephron
11
Q
Responsible for removal of waste products and reabsorption
A
Cortical nephron
12
Q
Point of entry unfiltered blood
A
Afferent arteriole
13
Q
Point of exit filtered blood
A
Efferent arteriole
14
Q
Located adjacent to the ascending descending loop of henle
A
Vasa recta
15
Q
Supplies blood to the kidney
A
Renal artery
16
Q
Total renal blood flow
A
1200/mL/min
17
Q
Total renal plasma flow
A
600-700 mL/min
18
Q
Consusts of coil approximately 8 capillary lobeds referred to as a capillary tuft
A
Glomerular filtration
19
Q
Contains pores and are referred to as fenestrated
A
Capillary wall membrane
20
Q
Presence podocytes
A
Basement membrane
21
Q
Necessary to overcome the opposition of pressure from the fluid from the bowman’s capsule and the oncotic pressure of unfiltered plasma protein
A
Hydrostatic pressure
22
Q
Dilation of the afferent arterioles and construction of the efferent arterioles
A
BP drops
23
Q
Caused by size afferent and efferent arteriole
A
Presence of hydrostatic pressure
24
Q
Ultrafiltrate of plasma
A
Urine
25
Only organ with such a noninvasive means by which to directly evaluate its status
Kidney
26
Readily available and easily collected specimen
Urine
27
The testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and coft effective manner
Urinalysis
28
References to the study of urine can be found in the drawinfs of caveman and in Egyptian hieroglyphics
Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
29
When was book of uroscopy written?
5th century BC
30
When was color charsts had bern developed that described the significance of 20 different colors
1140 AD
31
Who discovered albuminuria by boiling urine?
Frederik Dekkers
32
Where did glucose test originated?
From ant testing anf taste testing
33
What is the title of the book Thomas Bryant written?
Pisse prophets
34
When did invention of the microscope and led to the examination of urinary sediment happened?
17th century
35
Methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment
Thomas Addis
36
Concept of urinalysis as part of a docto’s roytine patient examination
Richard Bright
37
When did urinalysis befan to disappear from routine examination
1930
38
What is the only organ with such a noninvasive means by which to directly evaluate its status
Kidney
39
Enumerate reasons for performing urinalysis
- aiding in the diagnosis of disease
- screening asymptomatic population for undetected disorders
- monitoring the progress of disease and
- effectiveness of therapy
40
What are the internal structure of the kidney?
- cortex
- medulla
- renal pelvis
41
The outer layer of the kidney, located just below the renal capsule
Cortex
42
Innermost part of tge kidney
Medulla
43
Renal medulla split up into a number of section known as
Renal pyramids
44
The funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney
Renal pelvis
45
What is the urine composition?
95% of water and 5% of solutes
46
Organic component of urine
- urea
- creatinine
- uric acid
- hippuric acid
47
Major organic component, product of protein and amino acid metabolism
Urea
48
Product of creatinine metabolism by muscles
Creatinine
49
Common component in kidney stones; derived from catabolism of nucleic acid in food
Uric acid
50
Benzoic acid is eliminated in this form, increases with high vegetable diet
Hippuric acid
51
What are the other substances that is included in organic component of urine
Carbohydrates
Fatty acids
Enzymes
Pigments
52
Inorganic component of urine composition
- chloride
- sodium
- potassium
- sulfate
- phosphate
- ammonium
- calcium
53
Primary inorganic component. Found in combination with sodium and many other inorganic substance
Chloride
54
Primarily from salt, varies by intake
Sodium
55
Derived from amino acids
Sulfate
56
Combines with sodium to buffer the blood
Phosphate
57
Regulates blood and tissues fluid acidity
Ammonium
58
Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate
Calcium
59
How do we verify if the fluid in the urine container is in fact urine?
Its high creatinine concentration
Also concentration of urea, sodium and chloride
60
What is the normal daily urine output
1200 - 1500 ml a range of 600-2000 ml is considered normal
61
Decrease in urine output
Oliguria
62
Result of excessive water loss from vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration or severe burn
Oliguria
63
What is the measurement of urine for infants when you have oliguria
1 ml/kg/hr
64
What is the measurement of urine for children when you have oliguria
0.5 ml/kg/hr
65
What is the measurement of urine for adults when you have oliguria
409 ml/day
66
Cessation of urine flow results from any serious damage to the kidney or decrease flow of blood to the kidney
Anuria
67
Normally kidneys excrete 2 or 3 times more urine during the day
Nocturia
68
Increase in daily urine volume
Polyuria
69
What is the measurement of urine for adult when you have polyuria
2.5 L/day
70
What is the measurement of urine for children when you have polyuria
2.5- 3 mL/day
71
Caused by defect in production of insulin or its function resulting in increase in body glucose concentration
Diabetes mellitus polyuria
72
Decrease in production or function of ADH
Diabetes insipudus polyuria
73
Urine is dilute with low SG
Disbetes insipidus polyuria
74
Compensated with polydipsia
Diabetes mellitus polyuria
75
Water is not reabsorbed from the plasma filtrate
Diabetes insipidus polyuria
76
Exceed renal threshold for glucose
Diabetes mellitus polyuria
77
What is the recommended specimen container?
Clean, dry, leak-proof container
78
Labels must be attached to the _______ not on the ______
Container ; lid
79
Must accompany specimens delivered to the laboratory
Requisition form
80
Enumerate specimen rejection
- specimens in unlabeled containers
- nonmatching labels and requisition form
- specimens confaminated with feces or toilet paper
- container with contaminated exteriors
- specimens of insufficient quantity
- specimens that have been improperly transported
81
What is the measurement of required routine urinalysis
10-15 ml
82
The container should have:
50-100 ml capacity
An opening of at least 4-5 cm
83
How long does specimen must be delivered to the laboratory?
Within 2 hours
84
First morning specimen also known as
8 hour specimen
85
What is the ideal screening specimen
First morning specimen
86
Essential for preventing false negative pregnancy test
First morning specimen
87
For evaluating orthostatic proteinuria
First morning specimen
88
Can be collected anytime
Random specimen
89
Specimen is tested for glucose
2 hour postprandial specimen
90
Results are used primarily for insulin therapy monitoring
2 hr postprandial specimen
91
The second voided specimen after a period of fasting
Fasting specimen
92
Also known as second morning
Fasting specimen
93
Usually satisfactory for routine screening
Random specimen
94
Collected correspond with blood samples drawn during GTT
Glucose tolerance specimen
95
The most commonly received specimen
Random specimen
96
Recommended for glucose monitoring
Fasting specimen
97
Urine is tested for glucose and ketones
Glucose tolerance specimen
98
Results are ysed primarily for insulin therapy monitoring
2 hr postprandial specimen
99
Specimen is for urine quantitative assay
24 hr specimen
100
All specimen should be refrigerated or kept on ice during the collection period
24 hour specimen
101
Less traumatic method for obtaining urine
Midstream “clean catch” specimen
102
The specimen is obtained when the patient passess some urine in the toilet and then stops and urinate the midportion to the container
Midstream clean catch specimen
103
Involves collecting urine directly from the bladder by puncturing the abdominal wall and distended bladder ysing needle and syringe
Suprapubic aspiration specimen
104
Provides a sample for bacterial culture that is completely free of extraneous contamination
Suprapubic aspiration specimen
105
Suprapubic aspiration specimen can also be used for
Cytologic examination
106
Commercially available plastic utine collection nags with hypoallergenic skin adhesive are use
Pediatric collection
107
Also known as three glass collection
Prostatitis specimen
108
First container for prostatitis specimen
First passed urine
109
2nd container for prostatitis specimen
Midstream portion of urine
110
3rd container for prostatitis specimen
Urine with prostatic fluid
111
4th container for prostatitis specimen
Post prostatic massage urine specimen
112
Importance of 1st container
Urethral infection
113
Importance of 2nd container
Urinary bladder infection
114
Importance of 3rd container
Prostatic infection
115
Provides this documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results
Chain of custody
116
Withstand legal scrutiny
- no tampering of sample
- sample must be handled securely
- proper id is required
- 30-45 ml required amount
117
Most routinelu used method of preservation is refrigeration at 2 C to 8 C
Specimen preservation
118
Examples of chemical preservatives
- thymol
- formalin
- sodium fluoride
- phenol
- toluene
- sodium carbonate
119
Ideal preservatives
Bactericidal
Inhibit urease
Able to preserve formed elements
Must not interfere with chemical test
120
Sediment preservation
Thymol
121
Cytology
Formalin
122
Capillary lobe is rest to as
Capillary tuft
