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AUBF LEC PRELIM > INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of urinary system?

A
  • Kidney
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

Carry the urine to the bladder

A

Ureters

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3
Q

Delivers the urine for excretion

A

Urethra

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4
Q

Where urine us formed by filtration of blood

A

Kidney

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5
Q

Stores the urine produced

A

Bladder

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6
Q

What is the kidney’s function?

A
  • Maintaining homeostasis
  • Regularion of body fluids
  • Excretion of waste products
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7
Q

The functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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8
Q

Enumerate parts of nephron

A
  • glomerulus
  • bowman’s capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • afferent arteriole
  • efferent arteriole
  • peritubular capillaries
  • vasa recta
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9
Q

Two types of nephron

A
  • cortical nephron
  • juxtamedullary nephron
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10
Q

Primary function is concentration of the urine

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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11
Q

Responsible for removal of waste products and reabsorption

A

Cortical nephron

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12
Q

Point of entry unfiltered blood

A

Afferent arteriole

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13
Q

Point of exit filtered blood

A

Efferent arteriole

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14
Q

Located adjacent to the ascending descending loop of henle

A

Vasa recta

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15
Q

Supplies blood to the kidney

A

Renal artery

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16
Q

Total renal blood flow

A

1200/mL/min

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17
Q

Total renal plasma flow

A

600-700 mL/min

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18
Q

Consusts of coil approximately 8 capillary lobeds referred to as a capillary tuft

A

Glomerular filtration

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19
Q

Contains pores and are referred to as fenestrated

A

Capillary wall membrane

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20
Q

Presence podocytes

A

Basement membrane

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21
Q

Necessary to overcome the opposition of pressure from the fluid from the bowman’s capsule and the oncotic pressure of unfiltered plasma protein

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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22
Q

Dilation of the afferent arterioles and construction of the efferent arterioles

A

BP drops

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23
Q

Caused by size afferent and efferent arteriole

A

Presence of hydrostatic pressure

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24
Q

Ultrafiltrate of plasma

A

Urine

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25
Q

Only organ with such a noninvasive means by which to directly evaluate its status

A

Kidney

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26
Q

Readily available and easily collected specimen

A

Urine

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27
Q

The testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and coft effective manner

A

Urinalysis

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28
Q

References to the study of urine can be found in the drawinfs of caveman and in Egyptian hieroglyphics

A

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

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29
Q

When was book of uroscopy written?

A

5th century BC

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30
Q

When was color charsts had bern developed that described the significance of 20 different colors

A

1140 AD

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31
Q

Who discovered albuminuria by boiling urine?

A

Frederik Dekkers

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32
Q

Where did glucose test originated?

A

From ant testing anf taste testing

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33
Q

What is the title of the book Thomas Bryant written?

A

Pisse prophets

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34
Q

When did invention of the microscope and led to the examination of urinary sediment happened?

A

17th century

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35
Q

Methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment

A

Thomas Addis

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36
Q

Concept of urinalysis as part of a docto’s roytine patient examination

A

Richard Bright

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37
Q

When did urinalysis befan to disappear from routine examination

A

1930

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38
Q

What is the only organ with such a noninvasive means by which to directly evaluate its status

A

Kidney

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39
Q

Enumerate reasons for performing urinalysis

A
  • aiding in the diagnosis of disease
  • screening asymptomatic population for undetected disorders
  • monitoring the progress of disease and
  • effectiveness of therapy
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40
Q

What are the internal structure of the kidney?

A
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • renal pelvis
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41
Q

The outer layer of the kidney, located just below the renal capsule

A

Cortex

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42
Q

Innermost part of tge kidney

A

Medulla

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43
Q

Renal medulla split up into a number of section known as

A

Renal pyramids

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44
Q

The funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney

A

Renal pelvis

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45
Q

What is the urine composition?

A

95% of water and 5% of solutes

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46
Q

Organic component of urine

A
  • urea
  • creatinine
  • uric acid
  • hippuric acid
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47
Q

Major organic component, product of protein and amino acid metabolism

A

Urea

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48
Q

Product of creatinine metabolism by muscles

A

Creatinine

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49
Q

Common component in kidney stones; derived from catabolism of nucleic acid in food

A

Uric acid

50
Q

Benzoic acid is eliminated in this form, increases with high vegetable diet

A

Hippuric acid

51
Q

What are the other substances that is included in organic component of urine

A

Carbohydrates
Fatty acids
Enzymes
Pigments

52
Q

Inorganic component of urine composition

A
  • chloride
  • sodium
  • potassium
  • sulfate
  • phosphate
  • ammonium
  • calcium
53
Q

Primary inorganic component. Found in combination with sodium and many other inorganic substance

A

Chloride

54
Q

Primarily from salt, varies by intake

A

Sodium

55
Q

Derived from amino acids

A

Sulfate

56
Q

Combines with sodium to buffer the blood

A

Phosphate

57
Q

Regulates blood and tissues fluid acidity

A

Ammonium

58
Q

Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate

A

Calcium

59
Q

How do we verify if the fluid in the urine container is in fact urine?

A

Its high creatinine concentration
Also concentration of urea, sodium and chloride

60
Q

What is the normal daily urine output

A

1200 - 1500 ml a range of 600-2000 ml is considered normal

61
Q

Decrease in urine output

A

Oliguria

62
Q

Result of excessive water loss from vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration or severe burn

A

Oliguria

63
Q

What is the measurement of urine for infants when you have oliguria

A

1 ml/kg/hr

64
Q

What is the measurement of urine for children when you have oliguria

A

0.5 ml/kg/hr

65
Q

What is the measurement of urine for adults when you have oliguria

A

409 ml/day

66
Q

Cessation of urine flow results from any serious damage to the kidney or decrease flow of blood to the kidney

A

Anuria

67
Q

Normally kidneys excrete 2 or 3 times more urine during the day

A

Nocturia

68
Q

Increase in daily urine volume

A

Polyuria

69
Q

What is the measurement of urine for adult when you have polyuria

A

2.5 L/day

70
Q

What is the measurement of urine for children when you have polyuria

A

2.5- 3 mL/day

71
Q

Caused by defect in production of insulin or its function resulting in increase in body glucose concentration

A

Diabetes mellitus polyuria

72
Q

Decrease in production or function of ADH

A

Diabetes insipudus polyuria

73
Q

Urine is dilute with low SG

A

Disbetes insipidus polyuria

74
Q

Compensated with polydipsia

A

Diabetes mellitus polyuria

75
Q

Water is not reabsorbed from the plasma filtrate

A

Diabetes insipidus polyuria

76
Q

Exceed renal threshold for glucose

A

Diabetes mellitus polyuria

77
Q

What is the recommended specimen container?

A

Clean, dry, leak-proof container

78
Q

Labels must be attached to the _______ not on the ______

A

Container ; lid

79
Q

Must accompany specimens delivered to the laboratory

A

Requisition form

80
Q

Enumerate specimen rejection

A
  • specimens in unlabeled containers
  • nonmatching labels and requisition form
  • specimens confaminated with feces or toilet paper
  • container with contaminated exteriors
  • specimens of insufficient quantity
  • specimens that have been improperly transported
81
Q

What is the measurement of required routine urinalysis

A

10-15 ml

82
Q

The container should have:

A

50-100 ml capacity
An opening of at least 4-5 cm

83
Q

How long does specimen must be delivered to the laboratory?

A

Within 2 hours

84
Q

First morning specimen also known as

A

8 hour specimen

85
Q

What is the ideal screening specimen

A

First morning specimen

86
Q

Essential for preventing false negative pregnancy test

A

First morning specimen

87
Q

For evaluating orthostatic proteinuria

A

First morning specimen

88
Q

Can be collected anytime

A

Random specimen

89
Q

Specimen is tested for glucose

A

2 hour postprandial specimen

90
Q

Results are used primarily for insulin therapy monitoring

A

2 hr postprandial specimen

91
Q

The second voided specimen after a period of fasting

A

Fasting specimen

92
Q

Also known as second morning

A

Fasting specimen

93
Q

Usually satisfactory for routine screening

A

Random specimen

94
Q

Collected correspond with blood samples drawn during GTT

A

Glucose tolerance specimen

95
Q

The most commonly received specimen

A

Random specimen

96
Q

Recommended for glucose monitoring

A

Fasting specimen

97
Q

Urine is tested for glucose and ketones

A

Glucose tolerance specimen

98
Q

Results are ysed primarily for insulin therapy monitoring

A

2 hr postprandial specimen

99
Q

Specimen is for urine quantitative assay

A

24 hr specimen

100
Q

All specimen should be refrigerated or kept on ice during the collection period

A

24 hour specimen

101
Q

Less traumatic method for obtaining urine

A

Midstream “clean catch” specimen

102
Q

The specimen is obtained when the patient passess some urine in the toilet and then stops and urinate the midportion to the container

A

Midstream clean catch specimen

103
Q

Involves collecting urine directly from the bladder by puncturing the abdominal wall and distended bladder ysing needle and syringe

A

Suprapubic aspiration specimen

104
Q

Provides a sample for bacterial culture that is completely free of extraneous contamination

A

Suprapubic aspiration specimen

105
Q

Suprapubic aspiration specimen can also be used for

A

Cytologic examination

106
Q

Commercially available plastic utine collection nags with hypoallergenic skin adhesive are use

A

Pediatric collection

107
Q

Also known as three glass collection

A

Prostatitis specimen

108
Q

First container for prostatitis specimen

A

First passed urine

109
Q

2nd container for prostatitis specimen

A

Midstream portion of urine

110
Q

3rd container for prostatitis specimen

A

Urine with prostatic fluid

111
Q

4th container for prostatitis specimen

A

Post prostatic massage urine specimen

112
Q

Importance of 1st container

A

Urethral infection

113
Q

Importance of 2nd container

A

Urinary bladder infection

114
Q

Importance of 3rd container

A

Prostatic infection

115
Q

Provides this documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results

A

Chain of custody

116
Q

Withstand legal scrutiny

A
  • no tampering of sample
  • sample must be handled securely
  • proper id is required
  • 30-45 ml required amount
117
Q

Most routinelu used method of preservation is refrigeration at 2 C to 8 C

A

Specimen preservation

118
Q

Examples of chemical preservatives

A
  • thymol
  • formalin
  • sodium fluoride
  • phenol
  • toluene
  • sodium carbonate
119
Q

Ideal preservatives

A

Bactericidal
Inhibit urease
Able to preserve formed elements
Must not interfere with chemical test

120
Q

Sediment preservation

A

Thymol

121
Q

Cytology

A

Formalin

122
Q

Capillary lobe is rest to as

A

Capillary tuft

AUBF LEC PRELIM (2 decks)

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