INTRODUCTION TOO MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
(44 cards)
What are the 4 characteristics of human movement and their meaning
Unique - no two movements are performed in the same way
Modifiable - is the ability to alter movement patterns
Flexible -
Consistent - the spatial and temporal pattern of movements remain similar
Bernstein’s problem - degrees of freedom
Are the movements possible of the musculoskeletal system, which is the possible axes of rotation and directions of linear motion at each joint
Motor behaviour is an umbrella term for what 3 subfields
motor control
motor learning
motor development
Motor control and its issues
is the study of neural, physical, and behavioural aspects of human movement
Issues:
- nature of movement
- motor systems structures
- processes
Motor learning and it’s issues
the study of processes involved in the acquisitions of a motor skill and the factor that enhance or inhibit an individual capability to perform a motor skill
Issues:
- learning is a result of practice and not maturation which can not be observed directly
Motor Development and its issues
the study of the products and underlying processes of motor behaviour changes across the lifespan
Issues:
- critical and sensitive periods
- maturation vs growth
- regression
- disorders
Serial order problem
how to sequence and time our movement appropriately
Critical and sensitive periods
a critical period is the optimal time for the emergence of developmental behaviours, where as sensitive periods are when an individual is sensitive to a specific influence
Maturation vs Growth
Growth is just the change in time whereas maturation is the continum of phases of development
Defining motor control
is about motor and sensory systems and how they are responsible for posture and movement
Galen came up with the idea of
agonist and antagonist pairs
Robert Whytt and Eduard Pfluger can up with the idea thay
reflexes lead to activation of different muscle groups. that the spine can control movements without the brain present
frogs and cat experiments
Reflex theory
reflexes are the basis of all movements, which can exhibit or inhibit muscle actions. however reflexes don’t account for proactive action.
Hierarchical theories
the higher nervous system is higher up in the hierarchy, lower CNS are more so reflexes whereas higher CNS are voluntary
GMP - Generalised Motor Programs
GMPs define the form of action using in/variant parameters
3 types of schemas
recall schemas - provide the scale of parameters for action
motor response schemas - is the relationship between the motor response and the outcome
recognition schemas - is the relationship between motor response and outcome
Schemas
adjust motor programmes to work as we learnt
Human control is
complex and dynamic
Human perceptual motor system is capable of
self organising
Perception of affordances is
direct via energy flows from the environment
Perceptual motor landscape
a collection of all the possible movement possibilities available to an individual
Self organisation
natural tendency for the human perceptual motor system to settle into attractors
Attractors
are stable and functional patterns of organisation exhibited by the HPM
Direct Perception
perception sensory stimuli without the cognitive meditation to make perception meaningful
