MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

Question

Measurement

Answer 1

collection of information

Answer 2

determining the worth or value of measurements made

Answer 3

hierarchical ordering (ranked)

Answer 4

performance relative to external standards

Answer 5

in developmental studies typically fundamental motor skill competence is assessed. normally measured in kids ages 3-10 years old. this study tells is how well someone is developing has 3 categories 1. locomotion skills 2. object control skills 3. balance

Answer 6

these are movements and abilities we have that allow us to move around eg. crawling

Answer 7

=eg. catching and throwing

Answer 8

static or dynamic

Answer 9

1. product oriented (outcome) 2. process orientated (technique)

Answer 10

hospitals, maternity centres, day care, sport clubs uni etc we do it because we can make diagnosis's, status, placement, to see if they are developing as they should be

Answer 11

validity = are you measuring what you want to measure reliability = is the assessment tool able to give the same results across multiple measurement's a test can be valid and not reliable but also reliable but not valid

Answer 12

APGAR Scale, this was the first scale that parents are exposed too, and is nerve racking. 90% of babies score 7+ but if they score under 4 then they need to be taken to the icu

Answer 13

Bayley's Scales norm-references instrument for infants and toddlers aged 1-42 months has 5 sub-sclaes has good test/retest reliability/correlations but also has 72 items which is a problem when observing a child as hard to keep them with attention that whole time

Answer 14

assessment tool for identifying developmental coordination disorder dcd only has 8 tasks

Answer 15

intents are to identify an individuals current movement qualities and compare the actions to an established developmental sequence this is very common as it is reliable and valid and assess sequence and qualitative aspects

Answer 16

evaluate physical function in healthy elderly people but is also used for people with dementia eg. the chair stand test

Answer 17

is one of the oldest forms of physical training it has been shown to be beneficial for bodily control

Answer 18

between the ages of 6-8yrs of age it has been suggested this is when children navigate a critical period of perceptual motor development critical for children to being to - use vision differently to control posture - make better use of vestibular and kinaesthetic cues to control posture - have a changing capacity to pay attention to environmental and other cues that inform movement behaviour this requires recalibration of the perceptual motor system between ages 5-11 sex differences in self perceived competence weak relationship for 6-7 and moderate relationship for 11 yrs

Answer 19

- type of physical education - sex - foot dominance - time - experience - anthopomtry

Answer 20

movement skills + perceived physical competence performance process and product scores

Answer 21

against predictions, both groups increased sway regularity both groups improved non-dominant foot performance significant improvement in dominant foot performance for gymnastics participants

Answer 22

Children generally did not improve kicking accuracy as the measurement tool was not sensitive enough all the children became stable when kicking following the linear trend sway regularity increased

Answer 23

gymnastics enabled children to improve postural performance and might be related to the significant change in sway velocity

Answer 24

mechanical and non-mechanical functions mechanical eg. structural framework non-mechanical eg. reservoir

Answer 25

formation of bones begins in week 5

Answer 26

- hormonal stimulation of epiphyseal plates affects long bone growth - rapid bone growth from 1-4 and then puberty - peak height velocity around 12-14 yrs of age - physical activity is important

Answer 27

- at 25 epiphyseal plates close - at 30 you reach your maximum bone mass - PA is important

Answer 28

- osteopenia - osteomalacia - osteoporosis

Answer 29

components of bone fail to develop

Answer 30

related to calcium and phosphate deficiencies

Answer 31

decreased formation of new bone

Answer 32

- at 5 weeks myotubes are formed and prenatal polyneuronal innervation of motor endplates - at births muscles make up 25% of body mass - 28-41% type 1 fibres at birth

Answer 33

- differentiation of muscle fibres continues after birth - muscles mature in childhood - at 10 muscle relaxation speed reaches adult levels leading to improved contraction speed

Answer 34

across a lifespan muscles undergo fast-slow-fast phenotype changes largely influenced by nervous innovation

Answer 35

- sarcopenia, loss of muscle mass

Answer 36

for both girls and boy linear increase to age 14 then boys have a spurt

Answer 37

- neural plasticity - neuron cell death - response to injury

Answer 38

- ability of nervous system in particular the cortico-cerebellar system to change - lifelong ability - critical periods represent times when neurons compete for synaptic sites - experience expectant/dependent plasticity

Answer 39

over production of neurons ensures sufficient number to complete 'wiring' so some culled. - Apoptosis = programmed Cell Death - Synaptic Pruning = trimming of extraneous axon connections

Answer 40

- PNS able to regenerate - CNS mostly regeneration does not occur

Answer 41

@3 weeks - initial formation of the CNS @4 weeks - motor nerve fibres appear @6-7 weeks - synapse formations begin, reflex activity begins @8 weeks - head is 1/2 size of embryo, some myelination @16-20 weeks - CNS development is still not complete

Answer 42

@ birth - brain 1/4 of weight, 70% size of adult, pns myelination mostly complete @ 6 months - brain has doubled in weight @3-10 months - critical periods for brain growth @15-24 months - track glucose metabolisim

Answer 43

Critical Periods: 6-12=ongoing myelination 13. 18.

Answer 44

- brain declines in volume by 15% across a lifespan - on yours 40s women have a larger decline than men - peak myelination at 50 - basal ganglia = no change - in young adults nerve conduction velocity increases - age related changes at the cerebellum affect, posture, balance and gait

Answer 45

multi-sensory integration develops into adulthood - touch decreases @40, men worse than women - proprioception and vestibular and vision decreases

Answer 46

frontal lobe

Answer 47

- planning, this is a challenge for kids, they plan differently to adults - attention/focus, depending on age/stage of learning attention will vary - need to provide information carefully, direct learners attention to the 'important' parts of performance - memory, children activate the same areas of adults, but just not as much of that part of the brain, hence don't give to many instructions to younger children as they won't remember them all - integration of perceptual info

Answer 48

- coordination, freeze then free - strength, non-linear changes across the lifespan, men have a greater increase

Answer 49

so the brain can rewire itself through experience dependent plasticity

Answer 50

traditional - analyse movement performance Ecological - appropriate plan for each individuals differences

Answer 51

SMART goals (specific, measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound) three types of goals - outcome - performance - process

Answer 52

spectrum of teaching styles that are used A-E = about memory REST = creative, children discover on their own K = self teaching, really hard

Answer 53

often used alongside demonstrations to convey task requirements, may be a detrimental to implicit learning implicit learning - unconscious and difficult to explain explicit learning - conscious awareness of factors affecting learning skills that are complex might have less benefit from explicit instructions

Answer 54

learners = simple instructions based on movement outcomes experienced = more complex information coaches need to consider the skill level and readiness of a learner to decide upon how they should guide the attentional focus of the learner

Answer 55

good to show that the movement can be successful, and not to focus to much on technique

Answer 56

variable is better but this may only appear in transfer and retention tasks develops cognitive and sensory schemas and generalised motor programmes but we need to consider - whole or parts - complexity

Answer 57

is interference to performance, resulting multiple skills

Answer 58

shows their are many layers to motor skills

Answer 59

are a primary mode of stimulating the CNS/PNS and engaging exploration of the perceptual landscape ie. giving us the way of thinking that we have the possibility to act they are useful for assessing neurological condition

Answer 60

primitive: insticual for survival and protection postural: infants react to gravitational forces and posture locomotor: allows us to prepare to navigate our environment on our own

Answer 61

survival and protection suckling = anything that touches the lips elicits reflex Rooting = light touch on cheeks, heads turn grasping = palmar stimulation for assessment moro = arms and legs extend outward, hands open and fingers spread startle = opposite behaviour to moro babinski = reflexively fan our and extends toes if not then neuro problem

Answer 62

head and body righting = gently turning the infants head in either direction body will follow labyrinthine righting reflex = enables upright posture pull up reflex = baby in sitting position when holding caregivers hand will push up and stand up themselves parachute reflexes = protective and supportive

Answer 63

stereotypes create sensory behaviours that help the infants neural development transitional behaviours some control but not voluntary or goal directed rhythmical and significantly influenced by posture

Answer 64

manual control - fine motor control emerges after palmar reflex, stereotypes and grasping finger differentiation = beings early but matures at 8yrs old writing and drawing = girls develop these skills earlier than boys due to earlier neurological maturity

Answer 65

- locomotion - object manipulation - balance characteristics - unique movement pattern - near universality of outcome - generalisation to a broad set of skills

Answer 66

- initial to mature - kinetic and kinematics change - assessment can be of form or function - they develop IPA/CPA/APA the ability to integrate, utilise, and prepare for upcoming perturbations young children = walking to produce apas but move that whole side of the body older children - adults shirt only prelvance and stance leg

Answer 67

throwing girls traverse the same but lag behind boys in developmental sequence but only because boy throw more

Answer 68

catching requires interaction and integration of visual kinaesthetic information - figure-ground perception = the ability to distinguish object from its surrounding background, increase steadily - saccadic eye movements = rapid eye movements to object of fixation - coincident timing = the ability to coordinate visual and motor behaviour to a single coincident

Answer 69

Context specific = application of FMS to a variety of task and environmental contexts. important rate limiter is the development of perceptual cognitive capabilities Skilful = to progress to the this phase the performer must have significant context. coincides with puberty and adolescent growth spurts Compensation Period = a time when the system adapts or compensates for detrimental changes in organism constraints

Answer 70

flexible and adaptable

Answer 71

As Appropriate to each individuals endowment, physical literacy can be described as the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to maintain PA throughout the life course

Answer 72

Monism - moves away from the dualistic approach Encompasses doing interpreting, responding and understanding Holistic Framework - enables inclusion of human cognition and emotion and influence on PA and vice versa signals an interplay with our surroundings which are influenced by culture and society has no exclusive connotations, indicating that everyone can achieve PL

Answer 73

not just children we all need it - increased levels of ability and perceived ability in children lead to increased PA - physically active adults have reduced all cause mortality risk - clearer picture of PL across the whole lifespan needed

Answer 74

1. physical capability domain is about what you can do physically to be PL 2. Affective Domain is about the confidence and self esteem we have in the PA setting. how happy we feel to be evolved and engaged with PA 3. Cognitive Domain is about your knowledge around the PA and getting people into PA and spreading the importance of PA on our lives also - related constructs - holistic concept - target audience - progression/developmental pathway

Answer 75

Pl predicts the PA ans SB of youth

Answer 76

PL was assessed using a combination of - physical competence - self perceived competence - pleasure and preference of PA children were put into 3 groups active - high PA low SB unhealthy - low PA High SB active screeners - high PA high SB results - students with higher PL were 2-4 times more liekly to be active screeners or low SB compared to sedentary - PL did not predict a shift into low activity groups - females with high PL were more likely to transition from low PA to active screeners group - males with increased PL increased likelihood of transitioning into low SB group

Answer 77

is difficult to time proficiency - in fundamental motor skills including locomotor and object control skills the degree of skilled performance in a wide range of motor tasks as well as the movement coordination and control underlying a particular motor outcome a persons movement coordination quality when performing different motor skills ranging on a continuum from gross to fine motor skills typically FMF competence is assessed physical/motor competence can be assessed in two way either product or process

Answer 78

- age - sex - training balance effect of sex generally depends on age (younger girls better than boys) locomotion girls develop earlier object control boy develop earlier

Answer 79

a persons perception of his or her motor competence young children limit accuracy, and inflated levels of perceived competence for children under 7 increase effort and increase motor skill competence boy and girls perceive it differently overweight kids have lower self perceptions 8-13yrs postive correlation

Answer 80

6-9.5 years not sure yet

Answer 81

different in each country with different perceptions

Answer 82

- several main challenges - wide range of movement skills - no standardised tests for PL - tests often lack ecological validity (not in the right enviro) - assessments involve skill instructions - time

Answer 83

Skills = speed x accuracy x form x adaptability

Answer 84

adapt and adaptive behaviours adapt behaviour to a set of constraints reveals stability against perturbations adaptive behaviour reflects flexibility to guarantee functional solution to constraints that dynamically interact

Answer 85

- explanatory actions are those that are aimed at scanning the environment for information, also termed searching - performed actions are those that alter the substance and surfaces of environment

Answer 86

to detect states of activity in climbing to distinguish different form of exploratory/performatory actions

Answer 87

no interation between route design and practice effects with practice - performance increases - immobility period, performatory movement and duration of exploratory movement decreases

Answer 88

using complex route design helps to achieve effect explorations climbers still explore while maintaining level of performance

Answer 89

point of gaze is collected using glasses equipped with camera filming eyes and scene camera

Answer 90

motor learning is not necessarily gradual or a bit bifurcation but can exhibit an intermittent regime during which the learner alternate the exploitation of motor pattern existing in ones initial repertories with the exploration of new motor plant

Answer 91

adaption to constraints means than an individual exhibits adapted and adapt-able behaviour functional variability in behaviour structures to achieve the same performance outcome or same functions many structure to one function

Answer 92

how do you understand your behaviour and what you notice then metrics then technology

Answer 93

no, maybe only high precision sports

Answer 94

strength - mid 20s (when CSA is at its greatest) VO2 max - same as above exercise tolerance - most important for health. highest in 25-30 as you know that the discomfort is not temporary not like children

Answer 95

the point when you grow the most and fasted

Answer 96

good because it indicates the break between kids and adolescence and between genders

Answer 97

Both - focus on sport specific skills LTAD - belief in 10yrs to become an expert - good reference point for the peak height velocity - critical and sensitive periods exist in which accelerated adaption can take place - early and late specialisation - 5 S's of training and YPD - PHV and puberty have reference points - constraints based approach - no focus on endurance till adulthood - nine physical qualities but all are trainable throughout childhood and adolescence

Answer 98

a time when you go backwards - genetic theory - aging controlled by genes - wear and tear theory - repair can't keep up with the damage (think stress is not good) - cellular garbage/mutation theories - body accumulates wast products - immune system theory - ability to fight infection is reduced - hormonal theories - decrease in hormones

Answer 99

from around 30 years of age there is a decrease in physical function/physiological factors of 0.75-1% per year, decreasing PA and poor habits PA is important

Answer 100

postural control is reduced as a result of loss of peripheral sensory cues and also deterioration in function of stretch reflexes initiated from muscle spindles

Answer 101

mixed results but yes

Answer 102

Locomotion - decrease in speed, cadence and stride length but as increase in step width Falling - linear variability of temporal measure of swing and stance was most capable of distinguishing between fallers and non-fallers. reliably being able to have a gait patter is important for avoiding falling

Answer 103

kids drive faster but elderly run more orange/red lights they don't need to renew their license till 75 but should be 65

Answer 104

text longer = more time spent not in their lane

Answer 105

cerebral relating to the cerebullum. palsy relating to paralysis and its involuntary temors spasticity is affected by muscle spasms have a problem functioning emotional control, learning and problem solving

Answer 106

not enough o2 at birth which causes part of the brain to not develop affecting the ability to move and control posture

Answer 107

75% means they can move well enough to get place to place and survive

Answer 108

majority are spastic which mean they egxteate movements due to muscles being stiff and stable few are dyskinetic meaning they have uncontrolled movements jerky but no cognitive problems few are ataxic which is when they have problem with balance and posture, due to spasms interrupting voluntary movements

Answer 109

is a big problem as they already have big energy cost due to the involuntary muscles activating that aren't required which take up energy

Answer 110

depends on how much of the brain didn't get o2 at birth 1. hemiplegic = only one side of the body is affected 2. diplegic = only arms and head are normal 3. quadriplegic = only head is normal

Answer 111

Yes children = continuous walking proven to help gross motor function, walking speed and endurance adolescence = strength training how help perception and walking steps adults = resistance training, muscle strength increase and speciosity decreased. didn't improve as much as kids

Answer 112

formally no neurological or medical condition is present that explain delays to motor skills, which often makes the parents feel at blame as they think they did something wrong

Answer 113

have poor coordination and clumsiness that persists into adulthood things like handwriting is affected

Answer 114

limits of stability task DCD children have larger APAs, increased instability as they over prepare their movements as they have difficulties predicting their consequences of their actions

Answer 115

YES often these children weight a bit so don't want to do nPA so don't get those fundamental skills from sport and this increase health issues they don't get in organised or free play

Answer 116

abnormal genetic results in extra genetic material from chromosome 21 leading to people with down syndrome having 47 instead of 46 chromosomes two forms 1. trisomy 21 - extra genetic material in all cells 2. mosaic - extra chromosomes in just some cells so symptoms aren't as severe

Answer 117

advanced maternal age the older you get the greater the risk of a child being born with DS

Answer 118

reduced muscle tome and joint laxity leading to reduces gross and fine motor skills

Answer 119

YES treadmill help them walk earlier no effect on aerobic capacity both strength and dynamic balance improves

Answer 120

a loss of neurons in the deep part of the brain associated with the dopamine pathway for synapsing effecting memory, motivation and movement rarely hereditary, mostly a combination of genes and environment factors lead to this PD, such as coffee, fat

Answer 121

parkinsons disease

Answer 122

delayed movement, movement slowness, increased resistance etc

Answer 123

YES a drug can deep brain simulation can virtual reality can

Answer 124

inter-sensory integration develops into adulthood but gets worse with old age. we learn to react from multiple sensory inputs to react faster but as we lose a sensory the reaction time decreases touch - if lost in feet they start to struggle with less postural control as can't find CoM and CoP Proprioception - struggle to know what our limbs are doing as we get older vestibular - degrades from 40 vision - declines from 50

Answer 125

adults don't change sway control patterns but children did when more postural complexity kids will change their strategy

Answer 126

children get better to detect things adolescence to 60 have no change elderly get worse

Answer 127

reflexes are the primary method of our perceptual motor development, driving the process between our brain and body - these develop around 8 months along stereotypes

Answer 128

their us a large variability to the time line that we follow so it is knowing what happens not when it happens

Answer 129

Phase reflective/spontaneous rudimentary fundamental movement sport skill growth and refinement peak performance regression Stage prenatal infancy early childhood later childhood adolescence adulthood older adulthood

Answer 130

we must perceive in order to move, but we must move in order to perceive same animal, different environment different behaviours crawling experience teaches infants to perceive the risk and adapt their behaviour to start avoid drops offs filled with water or not amount of crawling experience facilitate the perceptual motor recalibration

Answer 131

Ecological validity major concern - this is about doing studies in a realistic environment assessing movement is importance across the lifespan

Answer 132

non-linear

Answer 133

tension compression torsion

Answer 134

experience expectant and experience dependent

Answer 135

1. non linear changes to function linear declines in functional performance

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

(170 cards)