IR 002: Lecture 3 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What was the political configuration in Europe before 1500?
-Fragmentation of political authorities
-Overlapping spheres of influence
Between what years did the first states begin to emerge in Western Europe?
1500s-1600s
What is the meaning of the quote “War made the state, and the state made war”?
This refers to the mutually reinforcing relationship between war and the construction of the state:
-States needed to make the most of their resources and they developed means to control the local population
-This improved their capacity to wage more and bigger wars which lead to European states becoming more powerful
What lead to the recognition of the state in Europe?
The peace of Westphalia in 1648
What did the Peace of Westphalia do and when did it occur?
It ended the Thirty Years’ War and happened in 1648
What is internal sovereignty?
Exclusive political authority inside the state’s territory (means of violence + tax collective + etc.)
What is external sovereignty?
Each state recognizes and is recognized by the others (community of equals)
What were the limitations of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?
-Concerned only a few states
-European states did not recognize any sovereignty to other communities across the world
-European states continued to fight each other
What is nationalism?
An intense political identity a people share, or a sense of collective fate as a political community
OR
Asserting national superiority over other nations (“Justifies” wars, conquests, genocides, etc.)
How do states use nationalism to buttress their authority?
-Education (values, language, interpretation of history)
-Creation of national myths
-Celebration of historical milestones
-Celebration of military power (national parade)
-Politicians’ appeal to patriotism (celebrating war heroes)
What is an example of using nationalism to buttress authority?
The French Education Policy (18th century)
-Linguistic unification
-Creation of a uniform education system
-Promotion of national history/community
What is an example of using nationalism to buttress authority?
Communist China and the “Century of Humiliation”
-Teaching Chinese kids how China suffered from foreign domination in 1839-1949
-China’s rise = a way to overcome this trauma
-Partly emphasized for political purposes (strengthing national unity, increasing leaders popularity, etc.)
Between what years did European colonialism occur?
1492-1914 (Europe conquered 80% of the world)
What is imperialism?
State strategy of extending domination over foreign countries
What is colonialism?
The policy of acquiring political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically (more intrusive then imperialism)
Why did colonialism occur?
-Natural Resources
-Exploiting Labor
-Expanding territory for security
-Ideology
What were the main European countries involved in colonialism?
-British
-French
-Dutch
-Spanish
-Portuguese
why was European colonialism successful?
-temperate climate (less disease better agriculture)
-Superior economic resources
-Superior military technology
-Superior military experience
What year did Spain discover America?
1492
What year did Portugal discover India?
1498
When was the British East India Company founded?
1600
What year was the first American colony planted?
1607
When was the Chinese “Century of Humiliation”?
1839-1949
When was the Mughal Empire conquered by the British?
mid 18th century - 1857
