Islam Flashcards
(59 cards)
1
Q
what Muhammad knew of christianity 2
A
- only be hear-say
- mysticism high
2
Q
early life 2
A
- lost dad, mom, grandfather
- grew up with travelling uncle
3
Q
3 major rels in arabia
A
judaism, christianity, zorastrianism
4
Q
what do judaism, christianity, zorastrianism have in common 3
A
- monotheism
- inspired scripture
- strong eschatology (rewards and punishment after death)
5
Q
muhammed’s first marriage 2
A
- khadija, older successful merchant widow
- have 6 children, only fatima lives
6
Q
m’s second marriage 4
A
- 4 women
- youngest and favourite aisha, 9-12 years old
- aisha key to forming 2/3 of hadith
- still never gets heir
7
Q
2 sects after m’s death
A
- sunni and shiiites
8
Q
sunni 4
A
- follow aisha and father abu bakr (m’s bestie)
- larger group (80%)
- mainly conservative, some fundamentalist radicals (ex taliban)
- means “commonly walked path” - consensus of tradition
9
Q
shiites 6
A
- follow fatima and husband ali
- smaller, more radical group (12-18%)
- shia means party/faction
- willing to enact change through violence
- the 12ers - Ayollas - religious drs of law
- includes ismailis - smaller groups from india and iran with own doctrine
10
Q
mecca originally 3
A
- place of rest, recreation, and religion
- had ka’aba, ‘place of god,’ with about 360 idols for animistic deities
- m would meditate in caves outside of mecca, has encounter there
11
Q
m’s vision 4
A
- visited by angel gabriel
- fell to ground, foamed at mouth (epilepsy?)
- angel pushed on m’s cest and said “recite, recite” the acts and words of God
- m receives Q (recitation) over several episodes
12
Q
preaching in mecca 4
A
- calls people to be one who submits (muslims)
- speaks against idols
- people in town hate him bc wealth comes from ka’aba
- when wife and uncle who provided protection die, he flees to medina
13
Q
what does muslim mean
A
one who submits
14
Q
what does islam mean
A
submission
15
Q
the hegima 6
A
- the flight
- preaching becomes more agressive and war-like here
- claimed to be jewish messiah
- jews rejected him, met with violence
- unified some tribal groups, gaining 20 000 followers
- this year, 622, start of muslim calender
16
Q
conquest of mecca 5
A
- came with 10k men, surrounded mecca
- bloodless negotiation
- m becomes leader of mecca and area
- destoyrs ka’aba, declares reign of the one God
- reigns for 2 years, then dies
17
Q
caliphs 3
A
- lietenents/generals
- created bases in damascus, bahdad into perisa, north africa, spain
- so much land covered = many leaders fighting for power, differences and divisions
18
Q
crusades
A
- monarets added to constantine’s church in instanbul, reiorientated to make it into a mosque
19
Q
spead slows bc… 7
A
- weakened by crusades
- spread too thin
- mongols push back forces
- refusal to modernize, especially in ed’n
- competing factions
- bible mass-produced
- euros no longer needed to travel through muslim areas, could sail around, avoiding tarriffs
20
Q
western impact
A
muslim’s open to western tech, but not western religion
21
Q
belief in God 6
A
- allah: category (like el), not a name
- 99 character names for God (but never Father or Love)
- sovereign - decides arbitrarily, no guarantee of justice, can’t be known
- creator
- a unity (mathematical 1)
- originator of both good and evil - nothing could exist outside of him, so bad coming from him as well, should be both afraid of and grateful to him
22
Q
muslim vs christian views of Trinity 2
A
- m misunderstood christian Trinity, thought it was Father, Son, Mary
- Muslim’s have mathematical one, Christians composite 1 (1+1+1=1 whole)
23
Q
spirits 2
A
angels and jinns
24
Q
angels 4
A
- always good
- observe and record deeds - good deeds on right shoulder, bad on left
- messengers of allah
- receive and discharge souls after death
25
jinns 2
- may be good or ba d
- shaitan (evil spirit) father of all jinns
26
view of humankind 4
- separation from God due to Allah's transcendence, not sin
- humans basically good, but weak and forgetful
- humans have the moral power not to sin
- humans need guidance ,therefor the q must be obeyed entirely (don't question, debate, or exegete it)
27
view of gender 4
- men have authority over women bc God made males superior to females, and men spend their wealth to support women
- wives to be obedient, deffering to husbands in every instance
- 2 women's testimonies = 1 mans
- men get 70 virgins (hooris) in paradise, women get jewels bc they like pretty things more than attention
28
salvation 3
- depends on the will of Allah
- gained by good works
- those killed in holy war will be saved by Allah (holy war must be declares by 12 doctors of Q)
29
the afterlife 4
- those who are faithful go to paradise
- others condemned to eternal punishment
- allah not in paradise, just sensual pleasures
- 7 levels of hell, first for unbelievers, deepest for apostates
30
who wrote sacred books 8
adam, seth, enoch, abe, moses, david, Jesus, m
31
adam, seth, enoch, abe's books
- don't exist anywhere now, guided people in earlier times
32
moses' books
tuwah (torah)
33
david's book
zabur (psalms)
34
Jesus' books
Injil (gospels)
35
sacred books
later most important and has authority over all before it (so if M disagress with Jesus, M wins)
36
Qu'ran 9
- only arabic authoritative
- chapters called surras, organized by longest surra to shorterst
- mystical, hard to interpret
- life code/law with little mercy
- co-eternal with Allah, always existed but revelaed to M
- law of abrogation - if contradictions, what's later chronologically authoritative
- oral tradition- those who memorize get honourable title of Hafiz
- respected and revered (not carried below waist, kept on highest shelf, never marked, never touched with dirty hands, never discarded)
- no pictures of M, people, animals - would be idolatrous
37
view of Christ 6
- born of a virgin (Mary mentioned in q)
- a wandering ascetic who performed miracles
- teacher sent by allah who prophesied that m would come as his successor (achmed short for M, also means comfort)
- Jesus' atoning death denied - Judas transfigured and took his palce
- returning soon to earth to reign as a muslim king for 45 years, then will die and be buried beside M
- mentioned in Q, called Kalimat Allah (Word of God)
38
practice
heart attitude does not matter, just do it, even if you don't like it
39
5 pillars general 2
- hold up the institution of Islam
- have not been changed since m
40
5 pillars
- shahada/witness
- salat/prayer
- zakat/almsgiving
- sawm/fasting
- hajj/pilgramage
41
shahada 3
- statement of witness "there is no God but Allah, and M is his prophet"
- say once and mean it, converted
- like shema, first thing you hear at birth and last thing at death
42
salat 4
- 5 times a day must stop and pray memorized prayers
- can pray unmemorized prayers at other times
- movements, unison, rhythm
- men at front of mosque, women at back
43
zakat 2
- 2% earnings to charity
- a mercy to giver as well, bc gains favour with Allah
44
sawm 5
- fasting dusk to dawn in the month of ramadan
- begins ages 9-12
- some exceptions (young, elderly, on-duty soldiers, pregnant women)
- absolute - no water, even spit
- includes night of power and id el fitr
45
purposes for sawm 4
- atone for sin
- help control sinful passions
- identify with poor
- earn favour with Allah
46
night of power 3
- night M recieved q
- Allah especially attentive
- whatever you do multiplied
47
id el fitr 4
- end of Ramadan feast
- exchange gifts
- kids get new clothes
- families get together
48
hajj 6
- every Muslim must make the pilgrimage at some point in their life
- 2 week period in lunar calender
- must apply for visa so city does not overflow
- wear towels to not show class
- rituals
- 1 prayer in hajj = 100 000 other prayers
49
hajj rituals 3
- circling ka'aba
- stoning satan (3 pillars)
- reciting or reading q
50
jihad 3
- holy war
- must be decided by islamic scholars
- greater and lesser
51
greater jihad
- internal fighting with own nature
52
lesser jihad
- external conflict between dar al-islam and dar al-harab
53
dar al-islam 2
- house of islam
- places islam already ruling
54
dar al-harab 3
- house of war
- places where islam does not rule and must be conquested
- goal of sharia law (law of God) applied in all the world
55
sufis 4
- found in every segment of Muslim society
- mystical group the believes it is possible to make direct and personal connection with Allah, only through trance-like meditation
- M's word don't have literal meaning, but spiritual interpretation
- darvish "whirling" sufis
56
folk religion 3
- deals with matters of daily life, not eternity
- does not have to do with hadith/quran
- power tings
57
power things 6
- spirits, persons, objects, places, times, rituals
58
baha'i
- new sect, has more prophets that came after M
59
