Issues And Debates

Question 1

Ethical cognitive

Answer 1

Ethical = lab exp
Unethical = brain damaged patients
Classic study = Baddleey (1966b) GOOD

Question 2

Ethical social

Answer 2

Ethical = burger
Unethical = milgram
Classic study = sherif 1954/61 BAD put in harms way in hostile situation

Question 3

Ethical issues biological

Answer 3

Ethical = li et al (two ethical commitees)
Unethical = adoption studies
Raine et al 1997 = pet scans are invasive, nrgis lawyer told them to do it, if they are insane cant give informed consent, but scanner had no exposure to violence

Question 4

Learning ethics

Answer 4

Ethical = Becker 2002 (did not cause ED), observe naturally)
Unethical = Bandura ross and ross (exposed to violence)
Watson and reyner 1920 = bad

Question 5

Reductionism cognitive

Answer 5

Redductionistic = multi store model
Holistic = bartlett (looked at lots of qualitative featuers of memory)
Baddeley =BAD, reduced memory down to semantic and acoustic

Question 6

Reductionistic socil

Answer 6

Reductionistic = social impact theory, ignores social and individual factors
Holistic = milgram and variation studies/ social identity theory
Classic = sherif, field study but prejudice just about competition

Question 7

Reductionism learning

Answer 7

Reductionistic = skinner
Holistic = social learning theory
Classic = watson ad reyner, phobia just conditioned response not true

Question 8

Nature vs nurture cognitivr

Answer 8

Nature = Sebastian and hernandez gil (2012)
Nurture = bartlett
Classic = baddeley, encoded nature

Question 9

Nature vs nurture scoial

Answer 9

Nature = social impact theory, SIN
Nurture = agency theory, evolved to be obedient nature but harsh parenting = nurture
Classic = sherif, participants chosen for compeittive nature, could be genetic but competition is nurture, wetherell new zealand says its nurture

Question 10

Nature vs nurtuer learnign

Answer 10

Nature = social learning theory = pay attention to same gender models but margaret mead
Nurture = cook and mineka rhesus monkeys, watch be scared of snake
Watson and rey = acquire phobia from nurture, but unconditioned stimulus is nature

Question 11

Social control cognitive

Answer 11

-Direct intervention for dyslexia = force them to do working memory exercises to participate in mainstream education
-Knowing memories are reconstrutive = can change how people remember situations, eyewitness testimonies
-Baddeley, advertisers use sym to hijack memories acoustically

Question 12

Social social control

Answer 12

-Milgram obedience, make someone obey you, army and police using uniform
-Social impact theory = social engineering, use more polices so number of targets is more
-Sherif superordinate goals to reduce conflict

Question 13

Biological social control

Answer 13

-Brain areas associated to patients, lobotomies dont just reduce aggression but all emotional reactions
-Hawke (1951) convicted sex offenders are castrated, suitable punishment but controlling of people behaviour
-Raine et al scan brain to identify criminals before they have committed a crime

Question 14

Learning social control

Answer 14

-Token economies = operant conditioning, give rewards for good behaviour
-Aversion therapy = classical conditioning, discourage unwanted behaviours by pairing stimuli
-Watson and reyner

Question 15

Use of psychological knowlege in society cognitive

Answer 15

-Understand working memory = dyslexia classroom strategies or direct interventions
-Episodic memories = multiple elements, remind someone of something so they remember everything -> witnesses police
-Baddeley = revision

Question 16

Use of psychological knowlege in society social

Answer 16

-Blind obedience to authority, put laws to protect and make it easier for people to speak out against authority figure (police)
-Segregated communities facilitates social categorisation. Condition for prejudice to social identity theory
-Sherif = superordinate goals cna be used to reducep prejudice between groups of people

Question 17

Use of psychological knowlege in society biological

Answer 17

-Li et al = help drug addicts change lives to stay away from drugs
-Aggression = understanding causes help identify who we should treat
-Raine = helps prove they are ngri, can hit themselves on head then please insane even if werent when committed crime

Question 18

Use of psychological knowlege in society learning

Answer 18

-Becker = ed spread awareness, french magazines fined 30K if show size 0 models
-Bandura = setting good example for children
-Watson = Systematic desen and flooding

Question 19

Science cognitive

Answer 19

Science = Labs scientific, empirically tested, falsifiable hypothesis, objective
Unscien = bartlett = qualitative, no standardised procedures met students 6 and a half years later
Class = Baddeley lab high level of control, word lists, operationalised

Question 20

Science social

Answer 20

Sci = Social impact theory, can be falsified
Unsci = Tajfel minimal measured in scientific way but can social behaviour be measures like this
Sherif = field study, qualitative, hard to establish cause and effect . Tyerman adn spencer bad

Question 21

Science biological

Answer 21

Sc = animal scientific, can see cause and effects, replciable
Unsc = Evlutionary, cant go back in time just a theory
Raine et al 1997 = natural, unctroned EV, but used pet scans

Question 22

Science learning

Answer 22

Sc = pavlov, cannulas etc
Unsc = becker, used surveys but used different sample, qualitative, self report ques
Watson = lobjective, good controls (different stimuli)

Question 23

Practical issue cognitive

Answer 23

+lab exp
Seb and gil = digit span test, standardised, lacked ev tho
Baddeley = indiv differences, lacks mundane realism

Question 24

PRactical issues social

Answer 24

Questionnaires measuring attitudes but sdb
Milgram = used questionnaire guesssed aims and said they wouldnt obey, used deception instead
Sherif = field, reliability low, tyerman and spencer

Question 25

Practical issues biological

Answer 25

Brain scans objective Li et al = fmri, heroin, standardised, theres background noise when doing scan so parts of brain would already be active Raine et al = pet scan, matched for many things but only partially

Question 26

Practical issues learning

Answer 26

Animal studies = may not generalise to humans, but lareg sample Pavlov = controlled EV = repicable high cv, but can dogs -> humans Watson = one person, lacked ev, may ave been more aniousunfamiliar environment

Question 27

Cultural issues cognitive

Answer 27

Seb and gil = only spanish, did compare to anglo saxon but small sample Bartlett = 20 british pts native american story good unfamiliar to them Baddeley = only english speakers (ethnocentric)

Question 28

Culture issues in social

Answer 28

Cross cultural research = milgram with killham and mann found 16% women gave max shock but diff to burger Social impact theory = supposed to be culture free, but usually white people Sherif = all american from oklahoma, repeated with new zealand wetherell werent prejudice

Question 29

Culture issues biological

Answer 29

Li et al = chinese addicts Evolution = bad papua new guinea tribes different Raine et al = nrgis southern california, test itself is culture free (brain scan)

Question 30

Culture issues learning

Answer 30

Bandura ross and ross = children from white nursery skl Becker = only fijian Watson = american child or low socioeconomic status, when using animals same result so likely to beuniversal

Question 31

Gender issue

Answer 31

Seb and gil = 298 f 272 m equal Brain damaged patients = andocentric, beta biased all men Baddeley = gender balanced

Question 32

Gender issue social

Answer 32

Milgram andocentric but burger But killham and mann and sheridan and king Sherif = all boys, beta bias

Question 33

Gender bio

Answer 33

Li et al = 14 male Christianson = male and female Evolutionary = men better at certain things Raine = 3 m 2f but this reflects actual proportion of murderers

Question 34

Gender learning

Answer 34

Bandura = even 36 b 36 g Backer = gynocentric Watson = single male child

Question 35

Psychology understanding developed over time cognitive

Answer 35

MSM let to WMM Baddeley = important for WMM

Question 36

Psychology understanding developed over time social

Answer 36

WW2 made agency theory Social impact theory helped milgram, asch Sherif = reliastic condlict theory helped prejudice situational

Question 37

Psychology understanding developed over time biological

Answer 37

Explanations of aggression based on brain helped make brain scans and measuring hormones Raine et al = biolgoical explanaiton of aggression which ledd to sociocultural explanation

Question 38

Psychology understanding developed over time learning

Answer 38

Bandura -> social learning thoery and idea that people could be affected by violent role models on tv Watsn and reyner = led to systematic desenstiiseion, flooding, aversion therpa

Question 39

Social sensitive research cognitivr

Answer 39

Seb and gil = makes people feel stupid and ango saxon smart but its j because of syllables ALzheimer = create perception that these ppl r burden on amily Baddeley = stigmatising people wos memories dont work that way dyslexia

Question 40

Social sensitive research social

Answer 40

Milgram = dont in many cultures, those with higer obedience can have negative perception Orpen = found white africans susceptible to social pressure, negative perception of south white africans Sherif = shame te boys parents involved or oklahoma for having aggrssive boys

Question 41

Social sensitive research biological

Answer 41

Li et al = addicts prone to relapse not worth helping unless they get new job and lifestyle Evolution = rape gene, cant elp it and can use defence in court Raine et al = violent behaviour biolgoical, believe they cant control it but tey can

Question 42

Social sensitive research learning

Answer 42

Aversion terpay = can be used to treat homosexuality Becker = fijian schoolgirls criticised families calues during interviews Watson = albert wasnt deconditioned