Issues And Debtates Key Words Flashcards
(48 cards)
What is the definition of Universality?
An underlying characteristic of human beings that is capable of being applied to all, despite differences of experience and upbringing.
Universality suggests that there are traits or experiences that can be generalized across all humans.
What does Bias refer to?
The tendency to treat one individual or group in a different way to others.
Bias can manifest in various forms, impacting research outcomes and social interactions.
What is Gender bias?
Psychological research or theory that offers a view that does not justifiably represent the experience and behaviour of men or women (but usually women). It may be the representation of one gender only.
Gender bias can lead to skewed understanding and assumptions about gender roles.
What is Alpha bias?
The attempt to exaggerate or overestimate the differences between the genders.
Alpha bias can lead to misconceptions about the capabilities and roles of different genders.
What is Beta bias?
The attempt to downplay or underestimate the differences between the genders.
Beta bias may overlook significant gender differences that could influence outcomes.
What does Androcentrism mean?
When men’s behaviour is the standard against which women’s behaviour is compared.
Androcentrism often results in female behaviour being judged as ‘abnormal’, ‘deficient’ or ‘inferior’ by comparison.
What is the definition of Universality?
An underlying characteristic of human beings that is capable of being applied to all, despite differences of experience and upbringing.
Universality suggests that certain human traits or behaviors can be found across all cultures.
What does Bias refer to?
The tendency to treat one individual or group in a different way to others.
Bias can manifest in various forms, including cultural, gender, and racial biases.
Define Cultural bias.
Overlooking cultural differences by looking at human behaviour from the perspective of one’s own culture.
Cultural bias can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations of behaviors in different cultures.
What is Ethnocentrism?
A type of cultural bias that involves judging other cultures by the standards and values of one’s own culture.
Ethnocentrism can hinder cross-cultural understanding and appreciation.
Explain Cultural relativism.
The idea that human behaviour can only be meaningful and understood within specific social and cultural contexts.
Cultural relativism encourages understanding and accepting cultural practices that may differ from one’s own.
What is Imposed etic?
A test, measure or theory devised in one culture that is used to explain behaviour in another culture.
Imposed etic can lead to misinterpretations when applying culturally specific measures universally.
Define Collectivist cultures.
Refers to cultures such as India and China that are said to be more conformist and group orientated.
Collectivist cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the group over individual desires.
What are Individualistic cultures?
Refers to Western countries like the US and UK that are thought to be more independent.
Individualistic cultures prioritize personal freedom and individual achievements.
What does an Etic approach involve?
Studying behaviour across many cultures to find universal human behaviours.
The etic approach contrasts with the emic approach, which focuses on specific cultural contexts.
What are Culture bound syndromes?
Groups of syndromes classified as treatable illnesses in certain cultures that are not recognised as such in the West.
Culture bound syndromes highlight the importance of cultural context in understanding health and illness.
Define Emic approach.
Studying cultures in isolation by identifying behaviours that are specific to that culture.
The emic approach seeks to understand cultural phenomena from the perspective of the insiders of that culture.
What are ethical guidelines?
A set of principles set out by the BPS to help psychologists behave with honesty and integrity.
BPS stands for the British Psychological Society.
What are ethical issues in psychological research?
Arise when a conflict exists between the rights of the participants in research studies and the goals of the researchers to produce authentic, valid, and worthwhile data.
What does ethical implications refer to in psychological research?
The impact that psychological research may have in terms of the rights of other people, especially participants, influencing public policy and the perception of certain groups.
What are socially sensitive studies?
Studies in which there are potential consequences or implications either directly for the participants in the research or for the class of individuals represented by the research.
Fill in the blank: Ethical guidelines help psychologists behave with _______.
[honesty and integrity]
True or False: Ethical issues only affect the participants in psychological research.
False
List the key components of ethical implications.
- Rights of participants
- Influence on public policy
- Perception of certain groups
