IT ERA 2

Question 1

In france, joseph marie jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch cards.

Answer 1

1801

Question 2

Herman Hollerith designed a punch system to calculate the !880 census, accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He establishes a company that would ultimately become the IBM. (manual and cat store data)

Answer 2

1890

Question 3

Allan Turing presented the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the modern computer was based on his ideas.

Answer 3

1936

Question 4

Atanasoff and his graduate students, Clifford Berry, designed a computer that can solve 29 equations simultaneously. The marks the first time a computer is able to store information on its main memory

Answer 4

1941

Question 5

Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert built the Electronic Numerical Integrator and calculator (ENIAC). Considered the grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18000 vacuum tubes.

Answer 5

1943-1944

Question 6

Mauchly and Presper left the UNiversity of Pennsylvania and received funding from the census bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for business and government applications.

Answer 6

1946

Question 7

William Shcokley, John Bardeen, anWalter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invented the transistor. They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no need for a vacuum.

Answer 7

1947

Question 8

Grace Hopper developed the first computer language, which eventually became known as COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) is high-level programming language for business applications.

Answer 8

1953

Question 9

, the FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, was developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus, according to the University of Michigan.

Answer 9

1957

Question 10

Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveiled the integrated circuit, known as the computer chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his work.

Answer 10

1958

Question 11

Douglas Engelbart showed a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). This marks the evolution of the computer from a specialized machine for scientists and mathematicians to technology that is more accessible to the general public.

Answer 11

1964

Question 12

A group of developers at Bell Lab produced UNIX, an operating system that addressed compatibility issues. Written in the C programming language, UNIX was portable across multiple platforms and became the operating system of choice among mainframes at large companies and government entities.

Answer 12

1969

Question 13

The newly formed intel unveils the intel 1104 the first Dynamic Access Memory (DAM) chip

Answer 13

1970

Question 14

Allan Shugart led a team of IBM engineers who invented the “floppy disk” allowing data to be shared among computers.

Answer 14

1971

Question 15

Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops Ethernet for connecting multiple computers and other hardware.

Answer 15

1973

Question 16

A number of personal computers hit the market, including Scelbi & Mark-8 altair, IBM 5100, Radio Shack’s TRS-80 - affectionately known as the “trash 80” - and the commodore PET.

Answer 16

1974-1977

Question 17

The January issue of POpular Electronics magazine featured the Altair 8080, described as the “world’s first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models.” Two “computer geeks,” Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write software for the Altair, using the new BASIC language. On April 4, after the success of this first endeavor, the two childhood friends formed their own software company, Microsoft.

Answer 17

1975

Question 18

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak started Apple Computers on April Fools Day and rolled out the Apple I, the first computer with single-circuit board, according to Stanford University.

Answer 18

1976

Question 19

Radio Shack’s initial production The run of the TRS-80 was just 3,000. It sold like crazy. For the first time, non-geeks
could write programs and make a computer do what they wished

Answer 19

1977

Question 20

obs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple II at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It offers color graphics and incorporates an audio cassette drive for storage.

Answer 20

1977

Question 21

Accountants rejoiced at the introduction of VisiCalc, the first computerized spreadsheet program.

Answer 21

1978

Question 22

Word processing becomes a reality as MicroPro International releases WordStar. “The defining change was to add margins and word wrap,” said creator Rob Barnaby in an email to Mike Petrie in 2000. “Additional changes included getting rid of command mode and adding a print function.

Answer 22

1979

Question 23

Apple’s Lisa is the first personal computer with a GUI. It also features a drop-down menu and icons. It flops but eventually evolves into the Macintosh.

Answer 23

1983

Question 24

The first IBM personal computer, code-named “Acorn,” is introduced. It uses Microsoft’s MS-DOS operating system. It
has an Intel chip, two floppy disks, and an optional color monitor. Sears & Roebuck and Computerland sell the machines,
marking the first time a computer is available through outside distributors. It also popularized the term PC.

Answer 24

1981

Question 25

is a system of interactive visual components for computer software.

Answer 25

GUI (graphical user interface)

Question 26

is the first portable computer with the familiar flip form factor and the first to be marketed as a "laptop."

Answer 26

The Gavilan SC

Question 27

Microsoft announces Windows, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. This was the company's response to Apple's GUI. Commodore unveils the Amiga 1000, which features advanced audio and video capabilities.

Answer 27

1985

Question 28

The first dot-com domain name is registered on March 15, years before the World Wide Web would mark the formal beginning of Internet history

Answer 28

1985

Question 29

Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in Geneva, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML), giving rise to the World Wide Web.

Answer 29

1990

Question 30

The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs.

Answer 30

1993

Question 31

PCs become gaming machines as "Command & Conquer," "Alone in the Dark 2," "Theme Park," "Magic Carpet," "Descent" and "Little Big Adventure" are among the games to hit the market.

Answer 31

1994

Question 31

is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip capable of performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating with the other devices connected to it.

Answer 31

Microprocessor

Question 32

Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford University.

Answer 32

1996

Question 33

The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and users begin connecting to the Internet without wires.

Answer 33

1999

Question 34

Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides protected memory architecture and pre-emptive multitasking, among other benefits.

Answer 34

2001

Question 35

Mozilla's Firefox 1.0 challenged Microsoft's Internet Explorer, the dominant Web browser. Facebook, a social networking site, launches.

Answer 35

2004

Question 36

YouTube, a video sharing service, is founded.

Answer 36

2005

Question 37

Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer, as well as an Intel-based iMac.

Answer 37

2006

Question 38

The iPhone brought many computer functions to the Smartphone.

Answer 38

2007

Question 39

Microsoft launched Windows 7, which offers the ability to pin applications to the taskbar and advances in touch and handwriting recognition, among other features.

Answer 39

2009

Question 40

Apple unveiled the iPad, changing the way consumers view media and jumpstarting the dormant tablet computer Segment.

Answer 40

2010

Question 41

Google released the Chromebook, a laptop that runs the Google Chrome OS.

Answer 41

2011

Question 42

Facebook gained 1 billion users on October 4.

Answer 42

2012

Question 43

Apple released the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10.

Answer 43

2015

Question 44

The first reprogrammable quantum a computer was created. "Until now, there hasn't been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new algorithms into their system. They're usually each tailored to attack a particular algorithm," said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and optical engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Answer 44

2016

Question 45

Business organizations store terabytes of data every day, which must be arranged, sorted and restored. A conventional computer cannot store large volumes of data which increases pressure to move towards Cloud.

Answer 45

Cloud Computing

Question 46

along with machine learning will be an unstoppable force in 2018. AI and its advanced algorithms will be assisting other technologies to build sophisticated software. Commoditized Artificial Intelligence will work in natural language processing, computer vision, and recommender systems.

Answer 46

-Artificial Intelligence

Question 47

are one of the technology advancements brands can use for providing quick responses and 24/7 availability to the customers.

Answer 47

Chatbots

Question 47

echnology will be a deciding vote for brand engagement. Amazon’s Alexa and Echo have proved to be current market leaders in the world of?

Answer 47

Virtual Assistance

Question 48

is a technology which places a computer-generated image in front of a user creating a composite view of reality. Unlike virtual reality, it uses the existing environment and imposes new information on top of it.

Answer 48

Augmented Reality

Question 49

can change the world by creating touchable pictures, human body parts, lightweight, and long-lasting casts for broken bones, and safer, stronger vehicles. It will also enhance design and innovation in a variety of sectors.

Answer 49

3-D printing

Question 50

Vacuum Tubes and Plug boards (1952-1958) Used vacuum tubes for circuitry Electron emitting metal in vacuum tubes burned out easily Used magnetic drums for memory The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.

Answer 50

First Generation Computers

Question 51

Transistors and Batch Filing (1959-1963) Used transistors Faster and more reliable than first generation systems Were slightly smaller, cheaper, faster Generated heat though a little less

Answer 51

Second Generation Computers

Question 52

Integrated CIrcuits and Multi-Programming (1964-1979) Used ICs Used parallel processing Were slightly smaller, cheaper, faster Used motherboards Data was input using keyboards Output was visualized on the monitors Used operating systems, thus permitting multitasking Simplified programming languages (i.e. BASIC)

Answer 52

Third Generation Computers

Question 53

The microprocessor, OS and GUI (1979 to Present) Used CPUs which contained thousands of transistors Were much smaller and fitted on a desktop, laps and palms Used a mouse Were used in networks Were cheap Had GUI Were very fast Register over 19 billion transistors in high-end microprocessors

Answer 53

Fourth Generation Computer

Question 54

The Present and the Future it is based on artificial intelligence, are still in development. Though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

Answer 54

Fifth Generation Computer

Question 55

the earliest period of information technology. Around 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) developed cuneiform, a writing system that used symbols representing sounds rather than pictures.

Answer 55

Pre-Mechanical Age (3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.)

Question 55

The Phoenician Alphabet was among the earliest known alphabets

Answer 55

Early Alphabets

Question 56

The earliest recorded books were written on clay tablets.

Answer 56

First Book

Question 57

A collection of rectangular clay tablets inscribed with cuneiform, stored in labeled containers.

Answer 57

First Personal Library

Question 58

Made of papyrus sheets wrapped around wooden shafts for storage.

Answer 58

Scroll

Question 59

Rock carvings that conveyed messages or recorded information.

Answer 59

Petroglyphs

Question 60

This period marks the beginning of mechanical computing and technological innovations that connect to modern technology.

Answer 60

Mechanical Age (1460 – 1840)

Question 61

Revolutionized information access by reducing the cost and time needed to reproduce written material.

Answer 61

Johannes Gutenberg’s Printing Press (1450)

Question 62

Invented by William Oughtred, an analog computing device that allowed users to multiply and divide by sliding wooden pieces.

Answer 62

Slide Rule (1600s)

Question 63

A mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal, using wheels and cogs to add and subtract numbers.

Answer 63

Pascaline (1642) –

Question 64

Charles Babbage created a mechanical calculator to eliminate human errors in calculations.

Answer 64

Difference Engine (1820s)

Question 65

Designed by Babbage, it was an early concept of a modern computer, featuring a "store" (memory) for numbers.

Answer 65

Analytical Engine (1830s)

Question 66

Helped Babbage develop instructions for the Analytical Engine using punch cards, making her the first programmer.

Answer 66

Lady Ada Lovelace

Question 67

Enabled reliable electricity storage.

Answer 67

Voltaic Battery

Question 68

Developed by Samuel Morse, using dots and dashes to transmit messages.

Answer 68

Morse Code (1835)

Question 69

Used punched cards and electrical sensing to categorize census data automatically.

Answer 69

Herman Hollerith’s Census Machine (1890)

Question 69

Invented by Marconi, allowing wireless transmission of information.

Answer 69

Radio (1894)

Question 70

Invented by Alexander Graham Bell, revolutionizing voice communication.

Answer 70

Telephone (1876)

Question 71

Built by Howard Aiken with IBM’s support, it used punch cards for input and mechanical relays for calculations.

Answer 71

Harvard Mark I (1940s)

Question 72

The first high-speed, digital, reprogrammable computer, designed for U.S. Army artillery calculations.

Answer 72

ENIAC (1940s)

Question 73

are the highest-performing computer systems, designed for extreme processing power. Their performance is measured in FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per Second) instead of MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second). All of the world's top 500 supercomputers operate on Linux-based operating systems.

Answer 73

Supercomputers

Question 74

often called "big iron," are used by large organizations for bulk data processing tasks such as statistics, census data, and transaction processing. They are widely used as servers due to their high processing capability.

Answer 74

Mainframe Computers

Question 74

much lower cost than mainframes. Initially designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching, they evolved into popular personal-use computers over time.

Answer 74

Minicomputers

Question 75

small, affordable computers that use a microprocessor as their CPU. They integrate memory, input/output (I/O) circuitry, and processing power on a single printed circuit board. Compared to previous mainframes and minicomputers, microcomputers are smaller, easier to maintain, and more cost-effective.

Answer 75

Microcomputers

Question 76

are nothing but dedicated computers which are set-up to offer some services to the clients.

Answer 76

Servers

Question 77

Those are the computers designed to primarily to be used by single user at a time. They run multi-user operating systems. They are the ones which we use for our day to day personal / commercial work.

Answer 77

Workstation

Question 78

They are the portable devices which are designed to perform a limited set of tasks like basic calculations, playing multimedia, browsing internet etc.

Answer 78

Information Appliances

Question 79

They are the computing devices which are used in other machines to serve limited set of requirements.

Answer 79

Embedded computers

Question 79

is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

Answer 79

Analog

Question 80

A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of “0” and “1”, “Computer capable of solving problems by processing information expressed in discrete form.

Answer 80

Digital

Question 81

A computer that processes both analog and digital data, Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital form.

Answer 81

Hybrid

Question 82

3000 BC - 1940s Early Writing Systems: Writing and printing press revolutionized information storage. Telecommunication Beginnings: Telegraph (1873) and Telephone (1876) marked the start of telecommunications.

Answer 82

Pre-Computing Era

Question 82

1940s - 1970s Electronic Computers: ENIAC (1946) and UNIVAC (1951) pioneered electronic computing Mainframe computers denominated, with IBM (international business machines) leading the charge

Answer 82

Computing Era

Question 83

was the first commercially available computer. It was designed for business applications and used magnetic tapes for storage

Answer 83

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer

Question 84

was one of the first general-purpose electronic computers. It was design to calculate artillery firing tables for the US Army

Answer 84

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

Question 85

1970s - 1980s Microprocessors: Microprocessors enabled personal computers, starting with Interl 4004 (1971) Apple and IBM: Apple I (1976) and IBM PC (1981) popularized personal computing

Answer 85

Personal- Computing Era

Question 86

1980s - 1990s Internet Protocol: Internet Protocol (IP) developed in 1983, enabling global networking World Wide Web (WWW) launched in 1991, making internet accessible

Answer 86

Internet Era

Question 87

2000s-Present Smartphone: IPhones (2007) and Android devices transformed mobile communication Cloud Computing : Cloud Computing enabled on-demand access to resources, with AWS (Amazon Web Services) in 2006 leading

Answer 87

Mobile and Cloud Era