italy Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
what were key social problems in italy in 1911-18?
A
the north south divide; north looked down on the south. not everyone felt italian as it was a failry new country, different dialects
2
Q
what were the key economic problems in early italy?
A
widespread poverty, especially in the south
3
Q
what were the key political problems in early italy?
A
church vs state
4
Q
what does risorgimento mean?
A
unification of italy
5
Q
what is anarchism?
A
belief in abolition of all government
6
Q
what is mezzogiorno?
A
south of italy
7
Q
what is the golden triangle?
A
milan, turin, genoa
8
Q
what is the roman question?
A
tension between the church and state which was caused by land being taken from the church
9
Q
what is trasformismo?
A
flexible coalition of government
10
Q
what is campanilismo?
A
attatchment to ones place of origin
11
Q
what were some of giolittis aims?
A
unification of italy, cooperation between catholics and socialists
12
Q
what political beliefs did giolitti have?
A
liberal
13
Q
what impact did the extension of the franchise have in 1912?
A
the liberals lost power
14
Q
what is nationalism?
A
identifications with ones own nation and its own interests
15
Q
what does appease mean?
A
to satisfy demands
16
Q
what is franchise?
A
who can vote
17
Q
why did italy go to war in libya in 1911?
A
to gain nationalist support, and to gain land
18
Q
what were the succeses and failures of the war in libya?
A
a lot of soliders died, caused problems with socialists but it pleased the nationalists and gained them land
19
Q
what were the reasons for giolittis resignation?
A
loss of socialist and anticelerical liberal support, nationalists making him look bad and taking credit for libya, economic downturn
20
Q
what is patriotism?
A
vigourous support for ones country
21
Q
what was the ottoman empire?
A
a state controlling most of south eastern europe
22
Q
what is banco di roma?
A
italian bank based in rome
23
Q
what was the catholic/gentilioni pact?
A
a pact to sway catholic voters
24
Q
what is anti-clericalism?
A
anti church
25
what is syndicalism?
labour induced movement to establish right of works through strikes
26
what were the major economic difficulties faced by giolittis government?
economic decline, strikes
27
what were the major political difficulties faced by giolittis government?
rise of socialists and nationalists,rivalry with the catholic church
28
what were the italian socialist party(psi)?
italian socialist, minamalists and maximalists
29
what was the nationalist association(ANI)?
nationalist party
30
what group ssupported italys intervention in WWI?
nationalists because they wanted more land, salandra liberals
31
which groups opposed italys intervention in WWI?
catholics because austria was mostly catholic, socialists
32
what were the most significant effects of WWI in italy?
political tension, unemployment, debt
33
what was the tripple alliance?
alliance between germany, austria hungary and italy formed in 1882
34
what was the triple entente?
alliance between russia, uk and france
35
what is the treaty of london?
argument made by triple entente to try gain italys support
36
what was the battle of caporetto?
a battle between italy and central powers, italy lost. 24th oct 1917-19 nov 1917
37
what was the battle of vittoro veneto?
between austria and italy, italy won. 24th october - 3rd november 1918
38
what is a pyrrhic victory?
a victory that comes with a price
39
why did italy join the war because of king victor emanuel III?
he threatened to abdicate the throne if italy didnt go to war
40
why did nationalists describe the results of WWI as a 'mutilated victory'?
a lot of italians died
41
what was the significance of the occupation of fiume?
it demonstrated to the italians that they could take what they wanted from the british and the french; and showed the weakness of the liberal government
42
which groups started to turn to extrimist politics in 1918-20?
the nationalists, poor
43
what is a mutilated victory?
a victory with a large cost/torn apart afterwards
44
what is the roman salute?
a salute similar to the nazi salute
45
what is league of nations?
the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principle mission was to maintain world peace
46
what are petty bourgeouise?
a social class of semi-autominous peasantry and small scale merchants. who own the means of production and can purchase their own labour
47
how did bienno rosso weaken the liberal government?
it showed to the public that they were weak because they couldnt stop the strikes but the facists could
48
what political reforms did nitti introduce?
the franchise was extended by 11 million, this meant that the liberals lost more support as more people could vote but they did not votet for the liberals
49
what were the results of the 1919 election and what problems did this create?
socialists won 32% of the vote, and the PPI came second but they werent willing to cooperate so the old liberals still had power
50
what is bienno rosso?
2 years of intense social conflict and strikes, between 1919 and 20
51
what was the poplari party(PPI)?
the italian peoples party, supported by the catholic church
52
who took over fiume in september 1919?
gabriel d'annunzio because he didnt agree with the governement
53
who was luigi sturzo?
creator of PPI which gained a lot of traction as italy was catholic-gained 101 seats in 1919 election
54
why did violence become so important in fascist rise to power?
they were violent towards socialists, and many people were fearful of a socialist revolution so they were greatful for them being stopped and turned a blind eye to the violence
55
who supported the fascists?
the king-partially because mussolini ends up threatening him, liberals and upper class because they feared a socialist revolution
56
why did the fascist programme change over time?
it changed so they could gain as much support as possible
57
what was fasci di combattimento?
an italian facsist organization created by mussolini in 1919
58
what was the squadrismo?
the movement of squadre d'azione, the fascist militias organised outside the authority of the italian state and led by local leaders called ras
59
who were the saquadristri?
a group that attacked commiunists, socialists and other radical and possesive groups, broke up strikes
60
what was the PNF?
national fascist party
61
what was a carabinieri?
national gendarmerie of italy who primarly carry out domestic policing duties
62
why would mussolini exaggerate the threat of socialism?
because he had support because he was dealing with the socilaists so if he made them seem like an even bigger threat he would gain even more support
63
what was the main reason mussolini became prime minister?
king victor emmanuel III didnt want to lose his power so he didnt initiate martial law and mussolini was appointed because he threatend to have him replaced
64
the march on rome:
in october 1922, around 25000
65
what were the black shirts?
a group that patrolled cities to fight socialism and communism violently
66
why did salandra resign?
he couldnt gain enough support
67
how did giolliti contribute to mussolinis rise to power?
because he didnt try to stop mussolini early on because he wanted the threat of socialism to go away but in doing so allowed the fascists and mussolini to grow in support
68
who is duke of Aosta?
the great grandson of king victor
69
what was the significance of the Matteotti murder?
facsists lost support, helped mussolini to become a dictator
70
what was the main factor in mussolinis consolidation of power and why?
violence, because it scared people into voting for him and it gained him support by being violent towards socialists and communists
71
what was the fascist grand council?
the main body of mussolinis government in italy, created 1923
72
what was the acerbo law?
if one partry just got 25% or more, of the votes cast in an election they would get 66% of the seats in parliament, designed to help mussolini and the fascists
73
what were the MVSN?
also known as the blackshirts, (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale)
74
what was aventine succesion?
was the withdrawel of the parliament opposition
75
Explain how Mussolini established his dictatorship between 1925-1929 using three big points:
-socialists leaving parliament
-matteoti crisis
-merging of fascists and nationalist parties, helped ensure facsist victory in future elections
76
what was Legge Fascistissime ?
regulation of association, bodies and instutions
77
who was il duce?
mussolini (leader)
78
what was OVRA?
organization for vilgilance and repression of anti-fascism, was the secret police of the kingdom of italy, founded in 1927
79
what is podestas?
was the name given to the holder of the highest civil office in the government
80
what changes were made in schools and universities?
teachers had to swear an oath to the regime, schools had their textbooks limited and were given a specific textbook, universities were left alone
81
how succesful were policies towards youth and education in achieving their aims?
children often enjoyed the outside activities. girls often showed more interest in the boys activities than their own which only focused on how to be good mothers
