ITOTL Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are criticisms of behaviorism?
Behaviorism can be critiqued as an overly deterministic view of human behavior by ignoring the internal psychological and mental processes; behaviorism oversimplifies the complexity of human behavior. Some would even argue that the strict nature of radical behaviorism essentially defines human beings as mechanisms without free will. The behaviorist approach has also been criticized for its inability to account for learning or changes in behavior that occur in the absence of environmental input; such occurrences signal the presence of an internal psychological or mental process.
What is the Community of Inquiry Framework?
Developed by Garrison, Anderson and Archer (2000) based on the concept of three distinct presences- cognitive, social and teaching.
Who developed the online learning model of connectivism?
George Siemens (2004)
What is the definition of connectivism by Siemens?
Learning can reside outside of ourselves (within an organization or a database) is focused on connecting specialized information sets and the connections that enable us to learn more and more are more important than our current state of knowing (Siemens, 2004)
What are criticisms of connectivism?
That’s it’s not a new theory and doesn’t distinguish itself from other theories or situate itself among other theories.
What is online collaborative learning theory?
Proposed by Harasim (2012) and focuses on the facilities of the internet to provide learning environments that foster collaboration and knowledge building.
What are the three phases of online collaborative learning?
Idea generating, idea organizing, intellectual convergence (Harasim, 2012).
What is situated learning?
The concept that knowledge is situated, being in part a product of the activity, context, and culture in which it is developed and used. (Brown, Collins and Dugid, 1989- Situated Learning)
What is social presence theory?
Short, Williams, and Christie (1976) originally developed the theory of social presence to explain the effect telecommunications media can have on communication. They defined social presence
as the degree of salience (i.e., quality or state of being there) between two communicators using a communication medium. They posited that
communication media differ in their degree of social presence and that these differences play
an important role in how people interact (p. 65).
They conceptualized social presence primarily as
a quality of a communication medium that can
determine the way people interact and communicate.
From their perspective, people perceive
some media as having a higher degree of social
presence (e.g., video) and other media as having
a lower degree of social presence (e.g., audio).
More importantly, they believed that a medium
with a high degree of social presence is seen as
being sociable, warm, and personal, whereas a
medium with a low degree of social presence
is seen as less personal.
What are some of the complications with the use of presence as a theoretical construct?
Varying definitions of the word presence. Presence is a key theoretical construct used in a variety of disciplines besides communication and
online learning—most notably virtual reality (see
Biocca, 1997). In fact, Lombard and Ditton (1997)
identified six interrelated (and cross-disciplinary)
but distinct ways people understand “presence”:
(a) presence as social richness, (b) presence as
realism, (c) presence as transportation, (d) presence
as immersion, (e) presence as social actor
within medium, and (f) presence as medium as
social actor.
How does Mezirow define his theory of transformative learning?
Learning that transforms problematic frames of references to make them more inclusive, discriminating, reflective, open, and emotionally able to change (Mezirow, 2009). Consists of phases of disorienting dilemmas, critical reflection and rational discourse.
What theory are Lave and Wenger associated with?
Situated learning. Lave and wenger (1991) believe that the effectiveness of the circulation of information among peers suggests, to the contrary, that engaging in practice, rather than being its object, may well be a condition for the effectiveness of learning.
How does learning occur according to Lave and Wenger (1991)?
Rather than learning by replicating the performances of others or by acquiring knowledge transmitted in instruction, we suggest that learning occurs through centripetal participation in the learning curriculum of the ambient community. Because the place of knowledge is within a community of practice, questions of learning must be addressed within the developmental cycles of that community, a recommendation which creates a diagnostic tool for distinguishing among communities of practice
What is cognitive load?
Cognitive load is the burden placed on short term memory during learning is separated into intrinsic load (cognitive demand inherent in the learning task) and extrinsic load (determined by the instructional design of the learning task.)- Sweller, 1988
How is extrinsic load further divided?
Extrinsic load is further divided into extraneous (ineffective) load from poor instructional design or germane (effective).
What is extraneous load?
Extraneous load is related to how material is presented or activities that are engaged by the learner. Well-organized information, instructions, and tools tend to minimize extraneous load, while poorly organized information and tools engender higher extraneous load.
What is germane load?
Germane load is the amount of working memory needed to create new or active existing schemas to learn desired or required concepts. This load involves the allocation of cognitive resources that are appropriate for processing and perhaps even automatizing the task.
Who founded theory of transactional distance?
Moore, 1997
What is the theory of transactional distance?
Moore, in his Theory of Transactional Distance, posits that. in distance learning scenarios, separation between the teacher and stu- dents can “lead to communication gaps, a psychological space of potential. misunderstandings between the behaviors of instructors and those of the. learners” (Moore & Kearsley, 1996
Who originated the theory of transgressive approaches to education?
Transgressive Approaches to Education, is a theory developed by bell hooks, and is heavily influenced by the work of Freire. The goal of a transgressive approach to education is to move away from an “assembly-line approach to teaching” (hooks, 1994) and towards a mutual dialogue between teacher and student that honors each student as a unique individual. Hooks’ concept of “engaged pedagogy” (1994) focuses on empowering the student and teacher to embrace vulnerability, accept and take risks in the classroom, and ultimately truly question one another in the practice of education. Hooks mentions she does not believe teachers should ask their students to take risks that they themselves would not take.
How is gamification defined?
Use of characteristics associated with video games in non game contexts. (Landers, 2014- Developing a Theory of Gamified learning) The goal is to affect learner engagement and motivation.
What are serious games or game based learning?
The games are traditionally theorized to affect learning directly. The game assumes the role of the instructor. The goal is to influence learning directly. (Landers, 2014).
