Jacob’s Ultimate Review Flashcards
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1
Q
When was Quebec founded?
A
1608
2
Q
What was an example of a crop created in the Carolina?
A
Rice
3
Q
What was the Coronado in SW US, 1540?
A
An attempt by the Spanish to find gold in the southwest and although they failed; they discovered the Grand Canyons for the first time
4
Q
What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?
A
Established he federal judiciary system of the US
5
Q
What book outlined the Nullification Theory?
A
Calhoun’s South Carolina Exposition
6
Q
Who was David Walker?
A
An abolitionist who was extremely radical with his book “Walkers’ Appeal”
7
Q
What was the impact of the Tariff of 1832?
A
The Nullification Crisis and threat of secession making it a compromise to appeal to South Carolina
8
Q
What caused the Panic of 1837?
A
-Rapid economic expansion
- Over-speculation
9
Q
What were the effects of the Panic of 1837?
A
- Widespread unemployment
- Loss of jobs for middle class
- Decline of democratic Party’s leadership
- Banking reform such as the Independent Treasury System
10
Q
What was the significance of the Tariff Bill of 1842?
A
- Reversed tariff reversals such as the Tariff of 1832 and was a continuation of Henry Clay’s American system
11
Q
What was the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1839?
A
Determined territorial disputes between US and Canada Ecspecially in Maine
12
Q
What were the effects of the Oregon Trail?
A
- Facilitated westward expansion
- Spurred economic growth
- Native American Displacement
13
Q
How did the Oregon Trail spur the economy?
A
- Created new markets for goods and services
- Industries like agriculture, mining, and logging flourished
- Businesses rose up along the trail offering services
14
Q
What was significant about the Election of 1844?
A
Polk beats Henry Clay
15
Q
What was the significance of Fredrick Douglass?
A
- Abolitionist leader
- “Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass and the American Slave”
16
Q
What was significant about the missionaries in the 1850s?
A
- Sought to convert Native Americans in the Oregon territory paving the way for western expansion
17
Q
Who was an example of a missionary in the 1850s?
A
Thomas Jefferson Bowen
18
Q
What was the Clayton-Buwler Treaty of 1852?
A
Prevented either US or Britain from getting exclusive rights to Panama Canal
19
Q
What were the effects of the Ostend Manifesto (1854)?
A
Proposed a shift in foreign policy advocating for the acquiring of Cuba from Spain
20
Q
What abolitionist groups sent people to Kansas to tilt the popular sovereignty of the state?
A
New England Emigrant Aid Company
21
Q
What was the Ex Parte Marryman?
A
Stated only Congress could suspend the writ of habeas corpus
22
Q
What was Habeas Corpus?
A
A legal principle that protects an individual’s right to not be unlawfully detained or imprisoned
23
Q
What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?
A
Although a draw - was a Union victory because it held off Robert E. Lee and permitted Lincoln to deliver the Emancipation Proclamation
24
Q
What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?
A
Widely considered the war’s turning point when the North beat Robert E. Lee. Led to Lincoln’s delivery of the Gettysburg Address
25
What was the Wade-Davis Bill?
- A majority of the state’s voters had to take the ironclad oath
- Had to abolish slavery
- Had to disqualify Confederate officials from holding office again
26
What was the Sand Creek Massacre?
Colorado army regiment killed a bunch of Native kids and women in Colorado
27
What was the purpose of the Freedman’s Bureau?
Tried to help freed slaves transition to a life of freedom and citizenship
28
What services were included in the Freedman’s Bureau?
- Established schools and training institutes
- Operated hospitals and provided basic medical care
29
When was the KKK established?
1865
30
What were the goals of the Grange?
- To improve the social and economic conditions of farmers and agricultural communities by banding together
- Reduce high shipping costs of goods
31
What was the impact of the Grange Movement?
- Led to later political movements such as populism
- Paved the way for the Interstate Commerce Act
32
What was the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887?
A federal law passed to regulate railroad rates and practices to ensure fair shipping for farmers
33
What was Munn. V. Illinois?
Upheld the right for states to regulate private industries that affect public interests, specifically focusing on grain elevator rates in Illinois
34
When was Munn V. Illinois?
1877
35
What was the Bland-Allison Act of 1878 a result of?
The economic anxiety and Panic of 1873 and the move towards a gold standard
36
What was the purpose of the Bland-Allison Act?
To increase the money supply and and improve the economic standing of farmers and debtors who benefitted from the increased access of silver
37
What did the Bland-Allison Act do?
Forced the US to buy a certain amount of silver and implement it into the economy as silver dollars
38
What was the book the exposed the US’s poor treatment of Natives?
Helen Hunt’s A Century of Dishonor in 1881
39
What were the impacts of the book “A Century of Dishonor” by Helen Hunt?
Sparked mass outrage and led to policy changes regarding natives in the late 19th and early 20th century
40
What were some groups that rose in the late 19th and early 20th century that advocated for Native rights?
- Women’s National Indian Association
- Indian Rights Association
41
How did a Century of Dishonor shift government policy towards natives?
From outright dispossession to assimilation of Natives
42
When was the Tuskegee Institute founded?
1881
43
What was the Tuskegee Institute?
A historically black college founded by Booker T. Washington
- Provided African Americans with vocational training
44
What was the movement led by Web Dubois that advocated for immediate equality for African Americans?
The Niagara Movement
45
What was the Credit Mobilier Scandal of 1872?
The Credit Mobilier Company bribed politicians with discounted stocks to keep a favorable relationship and to hide their corruption
46
What was the impact of the Credit Mobilier Scandal? ( What did it show about the Gilded Age)
- Highlighted the flaws of the political and economic system of the Gilded Age
- Demonstrated close ties between big business and government
- Shows economic inequality and corruption
47
What were the effects of the Pendleton Act of 1881?
Established a merit based system for federal employment, moving away from the Spoils System
48
What was the Foran Act of 1885?
Prevented any company or individual from bringing unskilled immigrants into the Americas for work
49
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
Aimed to ensure equal treated for African Americans in public accommodations and transport
50
What did the Dawes-Severalty Act do?
Authorized the dividing of tribal lands into individual possesions
51
What was the impact of the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890?
- Increased prices on imported goods
- Highlights the tensions of protectionism and free trade
52
What was the impact of Morill Land Act of 1890?
Aimed to include African Americans by providing federal funding for Historically Black Colleges
53
54
How did the Morill Land Grant of 1862 impact society?
Allowed for colleges which focused on technology and mechanical arts
55
What was the Dawes Plan?
A financial agreement to help Germany recover from WW1 and stabilize its economy
56
What was the Employment Act of 1946?
established the principle that the federal government would be responsible for maintaining a high level of employment and economic stability
57
What were the causes of the Homestead Strike of 1892?
The Homestead Strike was caused by Carnegie’s attempt to break unions and cut wages
58
Describe the Homestead Strike of 1892
Workers went on strike at Carnegie’s steel mills and factories. It led to strike busters and violence
59
What was the impact of the Homestead Strike of 1892?
Gave the public the idea that labor unions were violent due to the violence that broke out between the workers and the Pinkerton agents
60
What were the causes of the Depression of 1893?
It was triggered by collapse of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and subsequent decline of the stock market
61
What were the impacts of the Depression of 1893?
- Led to the failure of 15,000 banks and businesses leading to widespread unemployment
- Shifted monetary debates to a call for bimetallism
- Spurred populist movement
- Coxey’s Army
62
What was Coxey’s Army?
The army demanding the government makes jobs for public citizens as a response to the Panic of 1893
63
What is an example of a way people advocated for increased government regulation in the 1900s and what spurred it?
- Coxey’s Army which was a protest march calling for the government to create jobs for unemployed through public works projects
- Spurred by Depression of 1893
64
What was the impact of Bryan’s Cross of Gold Speech?
- Shaped the Democratic Party platform around populist themes such as monetary systems
65
What were examples of tariffs in the late 19th century?
- McKinley Tariff
- Dingley Tariff
66
What was the letter that partially led to the Spanish-American War?
The DeLome Letter
67
What did the Teller Amendment state and how does it differ from later pieces of legislation?
That the US would not annex Cuba and let them have free reign. Different from the Platt Amendment which gave US economic control
68
What were some key pieces of legislation of the Square Deal for each part of Roosevelt’s Plan?
Conservation: Establishment of the U.S Forest Service of 1905 & the Antiquities Act making the Grand Canyon a national landmark
Consumer Control: Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 & Meat Inspection Act
Corporations: Elkins Act (Making rebates by railroads illegal)
69
What were the impacts of the Roosevelt Corollary?
Led to greater resentment of US by Latin American nations
70
What was the Hepburn Act of 1906?
Increased powers of ICC to regulate transportation industry and set maximum rates for railroads
71
What was the Root-Takahira Agreement?
- Agreed to acknowledge Japan’s influence and increased trade between the two nations
- Prevented a potential war by clarifying regions
72
What caused the rift in the Republican Party and led to the creation of the Bull-Moose Tariff?
Payne-Alrich Tariff
- Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
73
What was the Adamson Act of 1916?
- Known as the railroad labor act established 8-hour work days for railroad employees and established overtime pay
74
What were labor reform acts of the Progressive Era?
- The Adamson Act
- Child Labor Act of 1916
75
What was an act made prior to WW1 to help the U.S. mobilize for the war?
The Selective Service Act of 1917
76
What was the Washington Conference of 1921?
A crucial event in the aftermath of WW1 bringing together major naval powers to discuss naval disbarment and limitations
77
What was the impact of the Washington Conference of 1921?
- Led to a period of relative peace
- Failed to prevent the Japanese in WW2
78
Who was Margaret Sanger?
- Prominent birth control activist
- Played a crucial role in the early 20th century movement for women’s reproductive rights
- Founded Planned Parenthood
79
What were some women’s rights movements after the passage of the 19th Amendment in the early 20th century?
- Margaret Sanger and the movement for women’s reproductive rights
80
What was a key case that illustrated key themes of the 1920s such as nativism, the Red Scare, and the struggle for civil liberties?
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
81
What was the significance of the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922?
Increased cost of imported goods and increased U.S. protectionism
82
What was the name of tariff in the Progressive era that reduced costs of imported goods?
Underwood Tariff of 1913
83
What did the Teapot Dome Scandal illustrate?
Issues of corruption and exploitation of natural resources during post-WW1 economic challenges
84
What was the Teapot Dome Scandal?
US government secretly leased oil reserves to private companies in return for bribes
85
What was the name of the treaty where the nations agreed to renounce war as means of resolving diplomatic disputes?
Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
86
What was an event that highlighted the economic struggles of the early 1930s?
The Bonus March of 1932 when veterans converged on DC to demand immediate payment of their bonuses
87
What did the Stimson Doctrine of 1932 state?
A policy of non-recognization to Japanese aggression
88
What are examples of ways American failed to prevent foreign aggression before WW2?
- Stimson Doctrine of 1932
89
What was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?
- Reversed the Dawes Act
- Restored some and and cultural autonomy lost by tribes due to previous legislation
- Shift from assimilation policies
90
How did US foreign policy with Natives change throughout American history?
- Early Contact - Enslavement & Conflict
- Early 1800s - Forced relocation
- Mid-Late 1800s - Conflict and forced assimilation
- 1930s+ - Redistribution of land
91
What was the labor acts which protected labor unions in the New Deal?
Wagner Act which guaranteed worker’s rights
92
What was a powerful labor union during the 1930s?
The Congress of Industrial Organizations by organizing workers in mass-production industries
93
What were examples of Supreme Court cases that deemed New Deal policies unconstituional?
Schechter Poultry V. US. (NRA)
Butler v. US (AAA)
94
What were the acts created by Congress during the 1930s that reaffirmed U.S. neutrality?
- Neutrality Act of 1935
- Neutrality Act of 1936
95
What did the Neutrality Act of 1935 state?
- Prevented American businessmen from selling arms to nations at war
96
What did the U.S. Neutrality Act of 1936 state?
U.S. would not provide loans or credit to belligerent nations
97
What were some key acts during the first 100 days of the New Deal?
- FERA
- AAA
- CCC
- NRA
- PWA
- TVA
98
What did the AAA do?
Paid farmers subsides to limit number of livestock and crop acreage they produced
- Aimed to help farmers recover
99
What did the NRA do?
Attempted to stimulate economic recovery by setting industry codes for fair wages, hours, and working conditions while protecting workers’ rights to unionize
100
What did FERA do?
Provided state assistance to the unemployed and their families
101
What were some examples of banking reforms in the New Deal?
- Emergency Banking Relief Act 1933
- Glass-Stengel Act 1933
102
What did the Glass-Steagle Act do?
Insured consumer deposits reducing the risk of bank runs, preventing further panics
103
What was the FDIC?
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation created to insure bank deposits and restore public trust in the banks
104
What was the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934?
Granted the Philippines a path to independence from American rule
105
What was the Quarantine Speech of 1937?
Roosevelt advocated for an international quarantine against aggressive nation, essentially a form of economic embargo
106
Who opposed the Quarantine Speech?
Isolationists who disliked how the U.S. was trying to punish belligerent nations and was afraid it could cause another war
107
What was a significant novel that portrayed the Great Depression and the plight of migrant workers?
The Grapes of Wrath
108
What was the Four Freedoms Speech of 1941?
FDR’s vision for the world to have freedoms, showing his opposition to dictatorships
109
110
What were the causes of the rift in the Republican Party during the Taft Administration?
- Payne-Aldrich Tariff (Raised tariffs)
111
What were some conservationist groups created by the federal government in the 19th century?
- Department of the Interior (1849)
- US Fish Commission (1871)
112
What did the Department of the Interior do?
Responsible for the conservation of federal land and resources
113
What was an example of a school created to educate Natives (Force assimilation)
Carlisle Indian School
114
What was an example of a native reserve in the late 1800s?
Great Sioux Reserve
115
What is the SLCL?
Created the sit-in movement in Greensboro
116
What were some of the successes of the labor movement of the Gilded Age?
- Beginning of a national labor movement and union leader under Eugene Debs
117
What were ways the farmers organized during the Gilded Age?
- Grange Movement ( lobbied local politicians)
- Farmers Alliance
- Populist Party
118
What was the platform of the Populist party?
1. Government ownership of railroads
2. Free and unlimited coinage of silver
3. Graduated income tax
4. Direct election of senators
5. Use of initiatives and referendums
119
What were ways government intervention started during the Grange Movement?
- Grange Movement- Munn V. Illinois: states could regulate railroads
- Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act
120
What Supreme Court case overruled Munn V Illinois to limit government intervention?
Wabbash Case
121
What movements of people occurred during the Gilded Age within America
- Movement out west
- Urbanization
- Great Migration
122
What were examples of ways people excluded immigrants during the Gilded Age?
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
- Americab Protective Association
- Literacy Tests
123
What was the American Protective Association?
Anti-Catholic group made up of American Protestants
124
What were some challenges of Urbanization & immigration?
- Cities divided by class : Little Italy
- Law wages and dangerous working conditions
- Wealth inequality shown by conspicuous spending
- Tenement Housing was common (Jacob Riis)
- Child labor
- Political machines
125
How were urban challenges addressed during the Gilded Age?
- Gospel of Wealth: Belief wealthy had a moral obligation
- Settlement Houses
- Social Gospel
- Socialist Party & “Looking Backwards” by Edward Bellamy
- Progressive Movement later
126
How were social challenges addressed during the Gilded Age?
- NAWSA: Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- Booker T. Washington and the Tuskeged Institue
- Ida B Wells : Civil Rights and anti-lynching
127
How did Carter react to the Oil Embargo and lack of energy?
By increasing natural energy through acts such as:
- Dpeartment of Energy in 1977
- National Energy Act of 1978 - Deregulated oil and gasoline markets
128
What was Reagan’s new federalism?
Gave states greater control over federal money
129
What were ways Regan opposed environmentalism?
Cut funding g for Enviornmental Protection Agency
130
What’s the timeline of US foreign policy throughout Period 7?
1890s - 1917: US Expansion abroad
1917-1919: WW1
US rejects League of Nations
1919-1941: US isolationism
1941-1945: WW2
131
When was NAACP founded?
1909
132
What were motives for overseas expansion in Period 7?
- Frontier is Closed ( 1890 Census by Frederick Turner)
- ECONOMIC: Open up new markets abroad
POLITICAL: Desire to compete with other nations
STRATEGIC: Acquire naval bases (Alfred T Mahan)
IDEOLOGICAL: White Man’s Burden
133
Who advocated for imperialism for increased naval strength?
Alfred T Mahan
134
What were some examples of imperialism in Period 7?
- US Annexation of Hawaii
- Open Door Policy in China
- Spanish American War
- Panama Canal
135
What caused the Spanish American War?
- DeLome Letter
- Maine explosion
- Yellow Journalism
- Economic motives
136
Why is the end of the Spanish American War a turning point in US history?
US acquires overseas territories such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, Phillipines, and Guam
137
Who was a Filipino who led the Phillipines Independence Movement after it was conquered by US?
Emilio Aguinaldo
138
How did US foreign policy show overseas expansionism in the early 1900s?
- Roosevelt’s Big Stick policy & Panama Canal
- Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
- Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
139
How did the US continue to be somewhat involved in world affairs during the interwar period?
- Washington Naval Conference
- Kellogg Briand Pact
140
What was a group that supported isolationism during the interwar period including the Neutrality Acts?
America 1st Committee
141
What societal challenges did Progressive reformers respond to?
- Economic instability
- Social Inequality
- Political corruption
142
Who largely made up the Progessive Movement?
Urban areas, middle class, and large participation by women
143
Who were some examples of female progressive reformers?
- Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago
- Florence Kelley in the National Consumer League
144
Who were some examples of environmentalist progressives?
John Muir (Sierra Club) & TR advocated for protection of natural resources
145
Who were some examples of political reformers in Progressive Era?
Robert La Follete’s Wisconsin Ideas lad to democratization (recall, referendum, initiative)
146
What were some examples of economic reforms during the Progressive Era?
Theodore Roosevelt uses Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up monopolies
- Clayton Antitrust (1914) gave more power to govt to regulate trusts
- Creation of the Federal Reserve Bank: create a central bank to control the money supply
147
What are some examples of new technologies and consumer goods that changed lives for Americans and increased the standard of living in the 1920s?
- Radio
-Vacuum
- Model T
- Movie Industry
148
What are some opportunities for new groups in the 18902-1924?
- New Immigrants to work in industrial jobs
- Women got jobs in WW1 & WW2
- New technology such as telephone, vacuums, and washing machines created more job opportunities and leisure time for women
- African Americans: Mass Migration out of Jim Crow South to Northern cities
149
What were some examples of tensions that occurred during WW1 and Roaring 20s?
- Security v. Liberty: with Epsionage & Sedition Acts
Native v. Immigrant & Capitalist v. Radical: Sacco and Vanzetti and Red Scare
Native v. Immigrant: Immigrant Act of 1924
Fundamentalist v. Science: Scopes Trial
- Prohibition
- African Americans
150
What did the New Deal focus on?
- Relief
- Recovery
-Reform
151
What were key New Deal Porgrams?
- FDIC
- SEC
- AAA
-WPA
- Wagner Act
- Social Security
152
What did the FDIC do?
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured bank deposits
153
How did African American voting patterns change ge during the New Deal?
Voted for democrats a switch from republicans
154
What are some popular New Deal programs today?
- Social Security
-FDIC
155
How did the need for jobs in war industries and agriculture work during WW2 lead to new opportunities for minorities?
- Women (Rosie the Riveter) got jobs in war industries
- Bracero Program allowed Mexican immigration
156
Tensions on the home front during WW2?
- Double V Campaign
- Fight for Executive Order 8802
- Japanese Internment
- Zoot Suit Riots
157
What were the Zoot Suits Riots
Riots between Mexican American US and US millitary personal
158
What were some technological advancements that aided the allied cause?
- Atomic bomb (Manhattan Program and sonar
159
What were some debates between the Big 3 during WW2?
- Tehran Conference
-= Atlantic Conference
- Yalta Conference
160
What are the big ideas of Period 4?
- Relationship between federal and state governments will continue to evolve
- Rapid, economic, territorial, and demographic changes
- Sectionalism will increase
- New Republican will both extend democratic rights and continue to struggle to define and extend democratic ideals to all Americans
-Various reform movements
161
What was U.S. foreign policy in period 4?
- Expand its territory westward
- Increase foreign trade
- Isolate itself from foreign affairs
162
Why did people move west in period 4?
1) Natural population growth
2) Immigration increases (Irish, German, English)
3) Transportation Improvements
4) Cotton production increases and slavery expands west
5) Threats removed from the continent
6)
163
What are some examples of transportation improvements during the Transportation Revolution?
Erie Canal
Cumberland Road
Railroads
164
What were some ways threats were removed from North America during Period 4?
- Louisiana Purchase
- British War of 1812
- Spain Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
- Native American defeats
165
What was the name of the treaty that sold the US Florida?
Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
166
What were some examples of ways Natives were defeated in period 4? (5 examples)
- Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
- First Seminole War - (1816-1818)
- Indian Removal Act of 1830
- Worcester V. Georgia of 1832
- Trail of Tears
167
What were some ways the U.S. struggled for neutrality in Period 4?
- Chesapeake Leopard Affair 1807 -> Embargo Act -> Non-Intercourse Act 1809 -> Macon’s Bill #2
168
Why did the US engage in the War of 1812?
- US must defend neutrality against impressment
- Defend national honor
- British forts on US soil
- Tecumseh and other natives supported by British
- Desire for Canada
169
How did the US continue to expand its global presence in Period 4?
- Louisiana Purchase
- Barbary Pirates War
- War of 1812
- Rush-Bagot Treaty- Great Lakes disbarment agreement between US and Britain
- British American Convention 1818
- Adams-Onis Treaty
- Monroe Doctrine (1823)
- “Lone Star Republic”
- Oregon 54-40 or Fight
- Mexican-American War
170
What did the Monroe Doctrine state?
No more colonization in Western Hemisphere and nonintervention in European affairs
171
What did the Rush-Bagot Treaty state?
Great Lakes Disarment agreement between England and US to avoid potential war
172
What did the Election of 1844 show?
James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny
173
What was decided at the British American Convention of 1818?
Joint occupation of Oregon between US and England and shared Newfoundland fishing rights
174
How did Nationalism increase culturally during Period 4?
- Hudson River School - Landscape painting of Hudson River Valley
- John James Audobon study of birds in America
175
How did economic nationalism increase during Period 4?
American System by Henry Clay
176
How did political nationalism increase during period 4?
Only One Political party democratic-republican after War of 1812
- Era of Good Feelings
- Adoption of some federalist ideas
177
What were some examples of political disputes during the Era of Good Feelings?
The tariff and slavery
178
What were the main idea in politics from 1800-1848?
1. Election of 1800: 1st peaceful transition of power
2. Era of Good Feelings with one political party from 1816-1819
3. Factions within the Republican Party reveal tensions
4. Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain
5. Age of the Common Man with new state suffrage laws and universal white male suffrage
6. Election of Andrew Jackson
7. Rise of second New Party System
179
What were the major disputes of the 2nd Two-Party System?
The Bank and Veto power of Jackson
180
Who were left out of the New National Culture in Period 4?
1. Women: Cult of Domesticity
2. African Americans: Proslavery arguments, racism in North and South
3. Native People: Native Resistance met by forced removal
181
What was the Cult of Domesticity?
A woman’s place was in the domestic sphere
182
What was an example of women’s rights movement in Period 4?
The Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
183
What were two ways state governments resisted federal authority in Period 4?
North: Hartford Convention when New England Federalist consider secession
South: Nullification Crisis - South Carolina vetos Tariff of 1828
184
What was the solution to the Nullification Crisis?
The Force Bill and the Compromise Tariff of 1833
185
What are some examples of sectionalism plaguing the nation in Period 4?
- 2nd National Bank of the American System (North)
- Internal Transportation Improvements (West)
- Protective Tariff of 1816 (North)
- Missouri Issue and the Missouri Compromise
- Nullification Crisis
- National Bank Debate and “Pet Banks”
186
How was commitment to the Union shown in Period 4 despite increased sectionalism?
- Wayne Hayne Debate 1830 between Mass and SC
- Webster rejects idea that a state could defy or leave Union
187
How did the Supreme Court increase the power of the federal government?
- John Marshall
- Mculluch V Maryland
- Marbury V Madison
- Gibbons V Ogden
188
What did Gibbons V Odgen state?
States could not regulate interstate commerce, federal government does
189
What was the Regional Sectional identity of the South in Period 4?
- Cotton Gin transforms cotton production
- Southern plantation artiocratic class (slaves were high status indicators)
- Support of slavery despite minority hold
- Code of Chivalry: Strong sense of honor
- Defensive of slavery
190
What were ways the South defended slavery in period 4?
-George Fitzhugh defended slavery as a positive good and that it was better than factory labor in north
- Use of religion
191
What was life like under slavery for African Americans in period 4?
- Extended family and slave spiritual conversions with 2nd Great Awakening
- Forced laboe
192
What were some examples of slave resistance in Period 4?
- Sabotage, Runaways, Slowdowns
- Rebellions
193
What were some examples of slave rebellions in Period 4?
- Denmark Vessey (1822) betrayed
- Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)
194
What was the effect of slave rebellions in the south during Period 4?
- Stricter slave codes passed
195
How did the Abolitionist Movement grow in the North during period 4?
- Free black population
- David Walker “An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World” 1829
- American Colonization Society
- William Lloyd Garrison and Amerixab Anti-Slavery Society, Liberator
196
What was the Regional Identidy of the North in period 4?
Rise of Manufacturing
197
How did manufacturing rise in the North during Period 4? (What technology)
- Samuel Slater- Father of the Factory System
- Eli Whitney’s Interchangeable Parts
- Steam Enhines reduced transportation costs
- Lowell System in Mass
198
What was the Lowell Factory System?
Factory in Mass. Worked by New England farm daughters
199
What was was the case that allowed labor unions in Period 4?
Commonwealth V. Hunt
200
What was the North’s identity?
- Rise of manufacturing
- Immigration and Nativism (Know Nothing Party)
201
What was the Second Great Awakening?
Spiritual Reform Movements ( Religious Revivalism)
202
Who was a preacher in the 2nd Great Awakening?
Charles Finney
203
What were some reform movements in Period 4 linked to the 2nd Great Awakening?
Temperance: American Temperance Society
Prison Reform: Dorothea Dix
Abolitonalism: Garrison
Women’s Rights: Seneca Falls
Education: Horace Mann
Utopian Societies
204
What were some examples of Utopian Societies in Period 4?
- Mormons
- Brooks Farms
- Oneida
205
What were the materials the Spanish extracted from the Americas during their colonization?
Silver, gold, sugar
206
Which colonists had a strong catholic missionary prescense?
The French and the Dutch
207
Due the lack of French people, the French often intermarried with the:
Dutch and Natives
208
What are the big ideas of Period 2?
- English colonies were allowed to govern their own affairs and often ignored mercantile laws
- Similarities and differences in colonizers
- Complex Relationships between Natives and Europeans
-Slavery
209
Why were there diverse patterns of colonization between the different colonizers?
- Different imperial goals
- Different cultures
- Different environments
210
What was the first permeant Spanish settlement?
Saint Augustine in 1565
211
What economic policy did the Spanish use?
Mercantilism
212
What’s a rebellion against the Spanish Empire and was somewhat successful?
The Pueblo Revolt
213
How did the French and Dutch have similar colonial styles?
- Relatively few Europeans
- Intermarriage with Indians
- Trade Alliances with Natives
214
What was a way the Spanish and French settlements had similar colonial styles?
Both spread Catholicism to the Natives:
- Catholic Jesuit Missionaries by French
- Spanish Missionaries
215
Who was the father of New France?
Samuel de Champlain
216
What was a way the French settlements were similar to British settlements?
- Escaped religious persecution:
- French Huguenots
- Pilgrims
217
What was an alliance with Natives made by the French?
Huron Alliance
218
What was the New France economy dependent on?
Fur tribe
219
What was the name for fiercely independent French fur traders?
coureurs de bois
220
Where did the Dutch settle?
New York
221
What was demographics of Dutch colonies?
Diverse
222
What was an example of competition between the French and Dutch colonies?
The Beaver Wars
223
Why were English colonies different from their European rivals?
1. Large number of men and women
2. Established permanent economic settlements
3. Hostile relationship with Native people
224
Why were there regional differences between the British colonies?
1). Who came
2) Why they came
3) Environmental and geographical features
225
What were the motives of New England colonizers and what are some examples of this?
- Puritan religious motives:
Pilgrims, Puritans.,
226
Who is an example of a pilgrim?
William Bradford
227
What was the name of the “constitution” of Plymouth?
Mayflower Compact
228
What was New England colonial society like?
- Puritan religious motives for colonies
- Close-knit homogeneous society
- Mixed economy agriculture and trade (shipbuilding)
-Intolerant of other religions
229
What are ways the close-knit homogenous society of the New England colonies was demonstrated?
- Town Hall Meetings
- Harvard University (train ministers)
230
What are some ways the New England colonies were not a close-knit homogenous society?
- Roger Williams banished to Rhode Island
- Anne Hutchinson
- Salem Witch Trials
- Half-Way Covenant
231
What were the Middle colonies like?
Diverse demographically, religiously, ethnically,
232
How is religious diversity of the middle colonies demonstrated?
Quakers and William Penn’s Holy Experiment
233
How was ethnic diversity of the middle colonies shown?
- Dutch presence (NY)
- Germans
- Scot-Irish
234
What is overspeculation?
Risky ventures in stocks usually on borrowed money with the expectations on quick gains
235
When were the Zoot Suit Riots?
1943
236
What was the first English settlement?
Jamestown in 1607
237
Who founded the Virginia colony (Jamestown colony)?
Virginia Company of London (Corporate Colony)
238
What was an example of challenge during the Jamestown settlement?
Starving Time when the rich people weren’t accustomed to working and the colony wasn’t profitable
239
How did Jamestown survive the Starving time and become prosperous?
- John Smith discipline
- John Rolfe and the cultivation of cash crops such as tobacco (plantation economy)
240
What was the labor force of the Jamestown colony?
White indentured servants but became African slaves after Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676
241
Who founded the Maryland colony?
Lord Baltimore
242
What was the purpose of the Maryland colony?
- Catholic refuge
- Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
243
What are the Chesapeake colonies characterized by?
By their cultivation and exportation of tobacco
244
What were the Southern Colonies like?
West Indies - sugar plantations
- Slave labor cash crops such as rice and indigo
- Majority of the population was slaves
245
What were some examples of cash crops in the southern colonies?
Rice and indigo
246
How did the ethnic diversity of the British colonies differ?
Southern colonies: Majority slave population in many states
New England colonies: Majority Puritans
Pennsylvania & Breadbasket: Germans and Scott-Irish
247
How did the economies of the colonies of the English colonies differ?
- Southern: Rice production
- Northern: Mixed Production
- Middle Colonies: Cereal Crops Agriculture
248
What was the colonies’ religious identity?
Development of religious freedom and diversity
249
How was the development of religious freedom and diversity exhibited in the colonies?
- Rhode Island: Roger Williams est. separation of church and state
- Pennsylvania: William Penn & the Quakers & religious toleration
- Maryland: Have for Catholics & “Acts of Religious Toleration”
- First Great Awakening
250
Who were some preachers in the 1st Great Awakening?
- George Whitfield
- Jonathan Edwards
251
What did the First Great Awakening impact?
- Promotes religious diversity
- Challenging authority with democratization of religion
252
When was the First Great Awakening?
1730s
253
How was a colonial identity developed politically?
Development of democratic institutions
254
What are some examples of democratic institutions in the colonies?
- Mayflower Compact: early colonial self-governance
- New England Colonies: Town Hall Meetings for adult male church members
- Virginia: House of Burgesses (1619) 1st representative assembly
- Pennsylvania: Elected representative assemblies
- Trial by jury
- Impact of Enlightenment ideas
255
Who were some colonist excluded from politics?
- African Americans
- Women
- Non-land owning white settlers
256
How were the colonies anglicized?
- Political systems based on British models
- English legal traditions
- Commercial ties to England
- Enlightenment ideas
- Religious influences
257
How did the colonies’ interests different from England’s and cause conflicts?
- Mercantile laws attempted to restrict the economic activities of the colonies
- Dominion of New England: increase royal control over colonies
- Westward Expansion
258
What was an example of a mercantile law created to restrict economic activities of the colonists?
- Navigation Acts: (Only trade with England, English ships, ports, enumerated goods)
- Molasses Act: Intended to tax colonies
259
How did colonists oppose the Navigation Acts?
Smuggling and trading with British rivals
260
What was the Dominion of New England?
Sir Edmund Andre’s restrict political and economic rights of colonists and was put down with the Glorious Revolution
261
What’s a way the British attempted to restrict westward expansion of colonists?
Proclamation of 1763
262
Which colonizers attempted to accommodate some aspects of Native culture?
Spain and France
263
When did African chattel slavery emerge in North America?
1619
264
Why did slavery emerge in the colonies?
- Lots of land
- Shortage of indentured servants
- Could not enslave Natives due to diseases
- Growing European demand for colonial goods
265
What was the effect of British beliefs of racial superiority?
- Enslaved black people for life
- Violent confrontations with Natives such as Powhatan Wars
266
What were some examples of conflicts in the colonies between colonizers and natives and other oppressed people?
- Pequot Wars 1630s in New England
- King Phillips War in New England (1670)s
- Anglo-Powhatan Wars in Chesapeake (1610s-40s)
- Bacon’s Rebellion 1676 in Chesapeake with frontiersmen
- Stono’s Rebellion in 1739 in South
- Pueblo Revolt 1680
267
When was Stono’s Rebellion and what were the impacts?
1739 and increased restrictions on slavery
268
What were some examples of conflicts in the French and Dutch colonies?
Beaver Wars in mid-17th century which included Native alliances
269
Why did Irish people immigrate to the US?
Potato crop failures in the 1840s
270
Where did Irish immigrants settle and what jobs did they work?
Large citiies such as Boston and NY and in unskilled laborer jobs
271
What political party do the Irish immigrants support in period 5?
Democrats such as Tammany Hall in NY
272
What were the characteristics of the German immigrants?
- Extremely diverse
- Mix of religions
- Wide variety of social classes
- Settled in old Northwest and Frontier
- Develop tight-knit communities
273
Why did Nativism rise in the 1840s?
- Took jobs from “native” Americans
- Would outvote the “Native” Americans and ruin Anglo culture
- Many were Roman Catholics and threatened the popularity of Protestantism
274
Who was a political group that formed due to increased immigration?
Know Nothing Party
275
Why was there a lot of enthusiasm for territorial expansion in the 1800s?
1) Economic
2) National Security Interest
3) Claims of US racial and cultural superiority
276
What the belief of Manifest Destiny?
Belief that it was America’s Destiny to conquer and civilize the entire continent
- Built upon white superiority
277
What artwork shows Manifest Destiny?
American Progess
278
What were some examples of American expansion in Period 5?
- Oregon Treaty 1846 - 54 40 or Fight
- Texas Annexed in 1845
- Mexican-Amerixan War and Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
279
What were some examples of Americans mowing westward in period 5?
1847- Mormons had traveled west for religious refuge in Utah
1848- CA Gold Rush
280
Why did people move westward in period 5?
- Economic Opportunities
- Religious Refuge
- Government Policies
- Start Farms
281
What were some policies that led to westward expansion in period 5?
- Pacific Railroad Act 1962
- Homestead Act of 1862
282
What are some examples of mining booms in Period 5?
- CA Gold Rush
- Comstock Lodge
- Pike’s Peak
283
What was the Homestead Act?
Offered public land (160 acres) to any person who farmed it for 5 years
284
How did the environment change in period 5 because of westward expansion?
- Buffalo decline
- Removal of grass on Great Plains which led to soil erosion and degradation of land
285
Why was there a huge decline in buffalo population in period 5?
- Killed to make way for railroad
- Undermine Native resistance
- Demand for buffalo hides
286
What were some Native conflicts in period 5 caused by westward expansion?
- Sand Creek Massacre 1864
- Battle of Little Big Horn 1876
- Native American forced assimilation and reservations
287
What was a demographic change due to westward expansion in period 5?
More Hispanic people as Hispanic residents in Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo labs were granted property and citizenship rights
288
What was a technology that facilitated increased relations with Asia in period 5?
Clipper Ships
289
What were some examples of US diplomatic relations with Asia in period 5?
- Treaty of Wanghia
- Japan opens up because of Commodore Matthew Perry
290
What was the Treaty of Wanghia of 1844?
First diplomatic relations between US and China
- Gial was to promote trade
- Missionaries went to China
291
What did the Reagan Doctrine say?
The US would aid all of the countries against communists
292
How did the acquisition of new territories increase sectional tensions in period 5?
Brought issue of slavery to the center stage
293
What were some conflicts caused by territory expansion in the 1840s-1860s?
Impact of Mexican-American War:
- Wilmot Proviso
- Compromise of 1850
294
What did the Wilmot Proviso state?
Attempt by Northerns to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. Rejected by southerners in the Senate
295
What was the Compromise of 1850?
- 1) CA Free state
- 2) No slave trade in DC
- 3) Popular sovereignty in rest of Mexican Cession Territory
- 4) Strict new fugitive slave state
296
What were some challenges to territorially expansion in 1850?
- Ostend Manifesto which was opposed by Free-Soilers in Congress & President Pierce
- Gadsen Purchase
297
What was the Ostend Manifesto?
Secret plan by Southerners to buy Cuba from Spain and turn it into a slave state
298
What was the Gadsen Purchase?
Land purchased in Southwest from Mexico to build a transcontinental southern railroad but failed
299
What were some failed compromises over slavery and how?
Compromise of 1850: Fugitive Slave Act sparks controversy in north
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): Increased opposition to slavery in North and led to violence such as Bleeding Kansas
300
Why did the Fugitive Slave Act not work in the north?
- Personal Liberty Laws: Did not allow use of local jails for housing fugitive slaves
- Vigilance Committees: goal to protect fugitive slaves from the slave catchers
301
What did the Kansas-Nebraska do?
Slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty in territory of Kansas and Nebraska
- Repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820
302
What were the impacts of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
- Huge opposition from north and led to creation of Republican Party
- Gave south an opportunity to extend slavery which led to bleeding Kansas
303
Who proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
Stephen Douglas
304
What are some examples of increased sectionalism in period 5?
- Bleeding Kansas
- Caning of Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks
- Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
- John Brown and Harper’s Ferry
305
What was Bleeding Kansas?
Pro slavery and anti-slavery forces engage in mini civil war in Kansas
306
What were some specific examples of violence in Bleeding Kansas?
- Sack of Lawrence
- Pottawatomie Creek Massacre
307
What was the Pottawatomie Creek Massacre?
John Brown and his followers hacked 5 pro-slavery people to death
308
What were the two rival governments set up in Bleeding Kansas?
1. Topeka: Free Soil
2. Lecompton: Pro slavery govt
309
What did Dred Scott V. Sanford state?
- African American are not citizens
- Slaves are property so cannot be taken away without due process
- Congress could not ban slavery from territories (MO Compromise unconstitutional)
310
What was John Brown and Harper’s Ferry?
John Brown hopes to spark a slave revolt in 1859 by seizing the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
311
What were two immediate causes of southern secession?
- John Brown Harper’s Ferry
- Election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860
312
What caused the end of the Second Party System?
- Whig Party and Know Nothing Party collapse over division surrounding Kansas-Nebraska Act
- Republican Party forms in the North and only had support in north and Midwest
- Secession by democratic South
313
What was the Republican Party’s platform in regards to slavery in 1860?
No extension of slavery in the territories
314
What were the three main ways the North and the South developed distinct identities rom each other thus increasing sectionalism in period 5?
1) Regional economic changes
2) Demographic Changes
3) Cultural Differences
315
How did the North differ from the south in terms of economy, demographics, and culture during Period 5?
ECONOMY: Manufacturing, Industrializing, Free labor
DEMOGRAPHIC: Large population growth ( huge amount of immigration)
CULTURALLY: Abolitionism
316
How did the North differ from the south in terms of economy, demographics, and culture during Period 5?
ECONOMY: Agricultural, plantation economy, slave labor
DEMOGRAPHICS: Slow population growth, little immigration, less diverse society
CULTURALLY: Southern way of life, southerners increasingly seek to defend slavery
317
How much of the south owned slaves throughout the 1800s?
25%
318
Who were two people who defended slavery as positive good?
- George Fitzhugh
- John C. Calhoun
319
What arguement did the south make to defend slavery?
1) Slaves were a part of the family
2) Better than “wage slavery” in North
3) Civilized inferior people
320
How did Southerners defend slavery as a positive good?
- Pro-Slavery Arguments by George Fitzhugh and Calhoun
- Racial Stereotyping: minstrel shows
- Gag Resolution
321
What were ways southerners racial stereotyped prior to the Civil War?
Minstrel Shows
322
What was the Gag Resolution?
Ban on anti-slavery petitions being discussed in Congress during 1836-44
323
How did tensions with Unions mount during sectionalism?
- Emphasis on state rights
- Theory of Nullification
324
How did the abolitionist movement grow in the North during the 1800s?
- William Lloyd Garrison & the Liberator
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Underground Railroad
- David Walker “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World”
- Nat Turner’s Rebellion
- John Browns Raid at Harper Ferry
325
How popular was abolitionism in the North from the 1840s-1850s?
It remained a minority
326
What were the different tactics used by abolitionists in the 1800s?
- Through increased awareness through literature: Stowe and the Liberator
- Through direct action: Underground Railroad
- Through calls for a violent uprising: David Walker
- Through violent action actions: Turner’s Rebellion
327
What did David Walker and his “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World” call for?
A violent uprising to end slavery
328
Where can Northern distrust of the south be seen?
- Fugitive Slave Act in 1850s
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin
- Kansas-Nebraska Act
- Fraudulent pro-slavery Lecompton Gov.
- Ostend Manifesto
- “Beating of Sumner”
- Dred Scott
329
Where can southern distrust of the north be seen during period 5?
- Attempt to ban slavery from Mexican-American War
- Northern resistance to Fugitive Slave Act
-Growth of abolitionist movement
- Harper’s Ferry
- Election of 1860 on Free Soil Platform
330
Why does the Union win the War?
- Greater industrial resources
- Greater population
- Anaconda Plan
- Strong military leaders such as Sherman and Grant
331
What were some of the early successes by the Confederate Army?
- Battle of Bull Run
- Peninsula Campaign
332
What were the southern advantages of the Civil War?
- Fighting defensive war
- Friendly population
- Sense of purpose
- Veteran military officers
333
What were the key victories for the Union in the Civil War?
- Antietam (1862): Allows Emancipation Proclamation
- Gettysburg (1863): Stops Confederate attack on U.S. soil
- Vicksburg: Grant wins control of Mississippi River
- Sherman’s March to the Sea- Total war
334
What changed in the Civil War after the Battle of Antietam?
It became a battle to stop slavery for the north
335
How did the North and the South mobilize their economies and societies for the Civil War?
- Both adopted Conscription (draft) laws
336
How were the Conscription laws during the Civil War unfair to the poor in both the north and the south?
North: Three-Hundred dollar men” substitutes
South: “20 negro law” - Own more than 20 slaves you can be exempt
337
What were the results of the unfair Conscription Laws during the Civil War?
- Draft Riots: NYC in 1862 with mostly Irish and African Americans. Attacking wealthy
338
What were some Northern laws during the Civil War to mobilize the economy?
- Morill Tariff
- National Bank Act
- Homestead Act
- Emancipation Proclamation
339
What was some oppositions and challenges on the Home Front for Jefferson Davis?
- States Rights tradition in the south hindered confederacy ability to fight the war:
- Soldiers refuse to leave state to fight
340
How does Lincoln deal with challenges on the home front from opposition?
- Suspends the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland
- Other executive actions
341
Who were the various political groups in the North pressuring Lincoln during the Civil War?
- Radical Republicans
- War Democrats
- Peace Democrats
- Copperheads
342
Who were Copperheads?
A faction of the Democratic Party in the Union who opposed the Civil War
343
What was the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation?
- Strengthened the moral cause of North
- A war against slavery
- Helped keep Europe from helping the south
- Gave the Union new African soldiers
344
Who was an example of an African American who fought in the Civil War?
Frederick Douglas
345
What were some Reconstruction laws that were vetoed by President Johnson?
- Freedmen’s Bureau
- Civil Rights Bill of 1866
346
What’s a way the balance of power between Congress and the Presidency changed during Reconstruction?
The Congress overrides Johnson’s vetos on the Freedman’s Bureau and Civil Rights Bill
347
What was a monetary reform in the late 1800s?
The Bland-Allison Act
348
What was a way the Congress initiated their own Reconstruction?
- Reconstruction Act of 1867
- Congress determines readmission requirements
349
What did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 do?
Divided the south into 5 military districts controlled by union general (Radical Reconstruction)
350
What did Congress determine the new state readmission requirements to be?
Required new state constitutions including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments
351
Why was President Johnson impeached?
He broke the Tenure of Office Act by moving Sec of War Stanton in 1868
352
What were some successes under Radical Reconstruction?
1. Reunited the Union
SHORT TERM:
2. Opened up political opportunities to former slaves
3. Temporarily rearranged the relationships between white and black people in the south
353
Who was an example of an African American being elected to the Senate during Radical Reconstruction?
Hiram Revels of MS in 1870 taking Jefferson Davis’s seat
354
How did the exploitation of the African American labor force continue despite the 13th Amendment?
- Sharecropping
- Black Codes
355
What did the Black Codes after Civil War do?
Purpose was to guarantee a stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated
356
How did the South attempt to continue pre-emancipation system of race relations after the Civil War?
- Prohibited African Americans from renting land or borrowing money to buy land
- African Americans forced to sign labor contracts
- Penalty for leaving before contract expired
- African Americans can’t serve on a jury or vote
357
What was the practice of sharecropping?
African Americans were allowed to use the land in exchange for giving a percent of crop to the owner of the land
358
Why does Reconstruction fall apart?
- Determined Southern Resistance
- North’s waning resolve
359
What are some examples of determined southern resistance to Reconstruction that caused it to fall apart?
- KKK established to secure white supremacy
- Redeemer governments sought to remove Republican governments with violence
360
How did the government lose interest in Reconstruction?
- Overturning of Civil Rights Act of 1875 by Supreme Court
- Grant unwilling to use federal government to monitor southern society by 1870s: Panic of 1873, Election of 1876
361
What were events that led to a decreased federal government in the Reconstruction?
- Panic of 1873
- Election of 1876
362
What were the Reconstruction Amendments?
13th: Abolished slavery
14th: Citizenship granted and equal protection of the law
15th: Black male suffrage
363
What were ways rights were restricted for freed blacks despite the Reconstruction Amendments?
- Segregation: Jim Crow laws
- Local political tactics: Poll taxes & literacy tests
- Violence: KKK
- Supreme Court Desicions
364
What were some Supreme Court decisions that restricted African American rights?
- Plessy V. Ferguson
- Civil Rights Cases of 1883: Discrimination legal for private industries
365
How did the Reconstruction Amendments establish judicial principles that became the basis for court decisions upholding rights?
- 14th Amendment equal protection clause set basis for Brown V. Board of Education
366
When does England begin reassert control over the colonies?
After the French-Indian War
367
What was is the policy Britain had in governing its colonies prior to 1763 that changes dramatically after the French-Indian War?
Salutary Neglect
368
What year is the turning point in the relationship between the colonies and England
1763
369
What is salutary neglect?
The term used to describe Britain’s policy towards the colonies to let the colonies govern themselves for the most part
370
Why did England end the policy of Salutary Neglect?
They were broke after financing the French-Indian War
371
What were the 10 ways that Britain imposed increased imperial control over the colonies from 1763-1776 in order?
- Enforcement of Mercantilist laws (Navigation Acts)
- Royal Proclamation for 1763
- Sugar Act (1764)
- Stamp Act (1765)
- Quartering Act (1765)
- Declaratory Act (1766)
- Townshend Acts (1767)
- Tea Act (1773)
- Intolerable Act (1774)
Quebec Act (1774)
372
What was the Royal Proclamation of 1763 a response to?
Colonial battles with Natives on the frontier such as Pontiac’s Rebellion
373
What was the Quartering Act?
Forced colonists to house British soldiers
374
What were the 6 main ways the colonists responded to increased imperial control by Britain?
- Stamp Act riots (nonimportation agreements and spinning bees)
- Stamp Act Congress
- Sons of Liberty and Sam Adams
- Boston Tea Party
- Committees of Correspondence
- Continental Congress
375
What were the Committees of Correspondence?
Key communication networks between the 13 colonies to organize resistance to British colonial policy
376
What factors led to the slow movement of the American Revolution?
- Inspiration of Enlightenment ideas (natural rights, popular sovereignty, etc.)
- Colonial elites such as John Hancock
- Grassroots movement
- Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
377
What were the reasons the colonists won the Revolutionary War?
- Home-field advantage
- French resistance ( Lafayette)
- superior leadership (Washington and Innoculation)
378
What were the new government structures after the Revolutionary War based on?
- Natural Rights
- Rights of the government
- Fear of a strong centralized power
379
What were the social and political impacts of the American Revolution?
POLITICAL: colonial elites still in charge, some states eliminate property
380
3.1.1.A: What were the factors that caused the Seven Years’ War?
Colonial rivalry intensified between the British and the French as British colonies expanded into the interior of North America where the French were. Therefore, threatening French-Indian Trade networks and American Indian autonomy
381
What are some examples of colonial boycotts against British imperial rule?
- Sons of Liberty
- Spinning Bees
382
What are some examples of protests and petitions against British colonial rule?
- Suffolk Resolves
- Stamp Act Congress
383
What was the Suffolk Resolves?
A series of declarations passed in town hall meetings in response to the Intolerable Acts
384
What were some ideas of the Enlightenment that sparked the American Revolution?
- Natural Rights
- Popular Sovereignty
- Separation of Powers
385
What did colonial leaders base their calls for resistance to Britain on?
What did colonial leaders base their calls for resistance to Britain on?
386
Who were some examples of colonial leaders that energized the effort for American Independence?
- Benjamin Franklin
- Samuel Adams
- George Washington
387
What were some ways that men and women in colonial societies mobilized in large numbers to provide financial aid and material support for the Patriot movement?
- Many women managed farms, businesses, and joining the army camps
388
What were some factor that the colonists had to overcome to win the Revolutionary War?
What were some factor that the colonists had to overcome to win the Revolutionary War?
389
How did religion impact American people immediately after winning the Revolutionary War?
It made them feel they were people blessed with liberty which would later be shown in Manifest Destiny
390
What was an Enlightenment idea that inspired many American political thinkers to value individual talent over hereditary privilege?
Liberalism
391
Where are the colonists’ belief in the superiority of a Republican form of government based on the natural rights of the people found?
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence
392
How did the Declaration of Independence continue to impact American society throughout American history?
They continued to shape Americans’ understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based.
- Used in slavery with Gettysburg Address
393
What was an effect of increased awareness of inequalities in society after the Revolutionary War?
Groups that called for:
- Abolition of slavery
- Greater political democracy
394
What were some groups that called for abolition of slavery after the Revolutionary War?
The Pennsylvania Abolition Society
395
What were some impacts of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society?
The Passage of the Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Act of 1780
396
Why did more African Americans fight for the British than the Patriots in the Revolutionary War?
Dunmore’s Proclamation
397
What was an example of a state that eliminated property requirements for voting after the Revolutionary War?
Pennsylvania
398
What factors led to the “republican motherhood” gaining popularity?
- Women’s participation in the American Revolution
- Enlightenment ideas
- Women's’ appeals for expanded roles
399
What did Republican Motherhood call on?
Women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture
400
What were some Enlightenment ideas that women applied to their own calls for expanded rights?
Liberty, Independence, and pursuit of happiness
401
What are some global examples of ways the American Revolution impacted the entire world?
- French Revolution
+ DOROMAC
- Haitian Revolution
+ Toussaint Loventure
- Latin American Revolution
+ Simón Bolivar
402
What was a way new state governments tried to limit tyrannical rule?
By limiting the power of the executive branch and putting it in the hands of the legislative branch in new state constitutions
403
What were some examples of ways politicians limited the power of the Articles of Confederation?
- 1 Branch government
- No Executive Branch
- No National court
- Changes to the Articles required unanimous consent of all states
- Each state retained its freedom
404
What were factors that led for calls for a stronger central government?
- Difficulties over international trade
- Finances
- Interstate Commerce
- Foreign Relations
- Internal Unrest
405
What were specific financial problems with the Articles of Confederation?
- Congress could not impose taxes and the US economy needed to raise money
- States printed their own money which led to inflation
- States could levy tariffs on other states
406
What were some examples of foreign policy problems under the Articles of Confederation?
- British armed forts like Fort Miami in the west and armed Natives
- Spain banned American shipping along the Mississippi
407
What are some benefits of the Articles of Confederation?
- Got the colonists through the American Revolution
- Created Northwest Ordinances to outline process of statehood
408
How did the Northwest Ordinances foreshadow sectional tensions?
Slaves added by it would be free states while new states would be added in the south as slave states
409
What was an internal uprising that exposed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation?
- Shay’s Rebellion
410
What was the context of Shay’s Rebellion?
- Many farmers were in debt in the 1780s
- Daniel Shay attempted to start a movement to lighten the taxes, stop the foreclosures of farm, etc
411
What were the two proposals for state representation at the Constitutional Convention?
- The New Jersey Plan
- The Virginia Plan
412
What were three examples of compromises made at the Constitutional Convention?
- The Great Compromise
- The 3/5th Compromise
- The International Slave Trade would not be banned until 1808
413
How did the Constitution protect the economic interests of slaveholders?
- 3/5 Compromise
- Legalization of internal slave trade
- Fugitive Slave Clause demanding return of runaway slaves
414
Who wrote the Federalist Papers?
Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
415
What were some ways the Federalists tried to convince the Anti-Federalists to ratify the Constitution?
The Federalist Papers
Bill of Rights
416
Why was the Bill of Rights appealing to Anti-Federalists?
- It increased individual rights
- Restricted the powers of the federal government
417
What were some differences in the Constitution from the Articles of Confederation?
- 2 Houses of Congress
- President
- Regulate trade
- Supreme Court
418
What were some LIMITS under the Constitution’s New central government?
- They still used Federalism
- Separation of Powers
419
What does Federalism mean?
Some power is shared between the State governments and the federal government
420
What were some specific examples of powers that were granted to state governments under the U.S. system of federalism?
- Establish and maintain schools
- Make marriage laws’
- Intrastate trade
421
What are some examples of powers that are shared between states and federal governments that demonstrate U.S. federalism?
Levy taxes
422
What piece of the Constitution grants federal governments supremacy if state and federal governments contradict each other?
The Supremacy Clause
423
What is an example of a check on democracy included in the Constitution?
The Electoral College to check the popular will of the people
424
What is an example of a precedent that put the Constitution into practice under Washington’s administration?
The Presidential Cabinet
- Sec of State Thomas Jefferson
The Farewell Address
Two-Term Presidency
425
What was Alexander Hamilton’s economic plan to insure financial stability?
- Public Credit for how to deal with debt
- National Bank for how to deal with financial security
- Report on Manufacturers ( Shift from agricultural to manufacturing society)
426
What was Hamilton’s Economic Plan?
-Assumption of State Debts
- Raise revenue with a tariff
- Excise tax on Whiskey
- Creation of a National Bank
427
What as the goal of the First National Bank?
It would stimulate the economy of the nation by providing loans to businesses
428
In the late 1700s political leaders took a variety of positions on issues such as:
- The direction of the nation’s economic policy
- Foreign policy
- Interpretation of the Constitution
429
What was a clause used by loose constructionists?
The Necessary and Proper Clause / Elastic Clause
430
What formed the first party system?
Disagreements over the direction of the new nation’s economic policy and debates about the power of the federal government
431
When was the Whiskey Rebellion?
1794
432
What was Pickney’s Treaty?
Spain agreed to allow U.S. usage of the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans
433
What were some examples of diplomatic wins of the new nation’s economic policy under Washington?
Pickney’s Treaty
434
How did the French Revolution present challenges to the U.S.?
Over free trade and foreign policy
435
Who is a famous federalist?
Alexander Hamilton
436
What was the U.S. response to an attempt at a revival of the Franco-American Alliance?
Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
437
Who is an example of a local Indian tribe that the British sold firearms to when they were occupying forts on the frontier?
Miami Confederacy
438
What did Jay’s Treaty of 1794 state?
- Britain agreed to leave their occupied forts on the frontier
- Didn’t stop impressment
439
What was the XYZ Affair?
Attempted to get Americans to bribe them in order to start negotiations with the foreign minister
440
What were a couple of laws passed by the Federalist controlled Congress to keep the U.S. neutral with France?
- The Alien Act
- The Sedition Act
441
What was the Alien Act?
Allowed for the deportation or arrest of immigrants considered dangerous
442
What was the Sedition Act?
Made it illegal to criticize the government of the United States
443
What was written in response to the Alien & Sedition Acts?
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
444
What was the purpose of the Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions?
To oppose federal laws that Democratic-Republicans felt were unconstitutional
445
What are some examples of disputes between the federal and state governments over constitutionality throughout the 19th century?
- The Alien & Sedition Acts
- Tariff of 1828 & The Nullification Crisis
- Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
- South Secession after the Election of 1860
446
What was an example of a group that helped African American exodusters move to the Great Plains after Reconstruction?
- Colored Relief Board
- Kansas Freedman’s Aid Societyh
447
How did Sharecropping change from slavery?
- The arrangement of houses on fields changes as the living shelters were spread out across the land
-
448
What were the 3 factions within the Democratic-Republican Party during the Era of Good Feelings?
- Clay Democratic-Republicans
- Jacksonian Democratic-Republicans
- Calhoun Democratic-Republicans
449
What was the identity of the Whig Party?
- For Clay’s American System
- Favorable towards paid labor
- For expansion but were against the Mexican-American War
- Advocated for reforms of the 2nd Great Awakening
450
When was the Second Two Party System?
1836-1850
451
What did the Democrats of the 2nd Party System advocate for?
- Against Clay’s American System
- Wanted a Yeoman Farmer Republic
- Against Deficit Spending for infrastructure
- Against National Bank
- Pro-Slavery
- For aggressive expansion
- Opposed state legislature reforms
452
What happened to the Whig Party in the 1850s?
The party split.
- Southern Cotton Whigs drifted into Republic Party
- Northern “Conscience” Whigs move to Free Soil and eventually Republican Party
453
What were corporations Roosevelt broke up?
Northern Securities Railroads
454
What are the key points of New Nationalism?
- Conservation
- Graduated Income Tax
- More reforms
- Improve banking system to limit recessions
- Bolster military
- Safety standards for products
455
When do we see Roosevelt’s New Nationalism policies take place?
FDR’s New Deal
LBJ’s Great Society
456
What are the key points of Wilson’s New Freedom policies?
- Bring back yeoman farmer republic
- Attach the Triple Wall of Privelage
457
What was Wilson’s Triple Wall of Privilege?
1. Reduce tariffs to help farmers
2. Advocated for a more flexible currency
3. Break up ALL trusts and monopolies
458
What was the legacy of the New Freedom policies under Wilson?
- Underwood Tariff reduced tariffs
- Federal Reserve Act created a new national bank that would oversee the banking supply and regulate money supply plus inflation
- Clayton-Anti-Trust Act: Exempted unions
459
What were the two differing progressive platforms during the Progressive Era?
Wilson New Freedom vs TDR New Nationalism
460
What Enlightenment idea did John Locke create?
Natural Rights
461
Who was an influential writer who urged Independence?
Mercy Otis Warren
462
Who was an example of a military leader from France?
Marquis De La Fayette
463
Who planned the largest slave rebellion ever in South Carolina?
Denmark Vessey
464
Who coined the term Manifest Destiny?
John O’ Sullivan
465
What was a document post WW-2 that was similar to Wilson’s 14 Points?
Roosevelt and Churchill’s Atlantic Charter
466
What are the 3 main ways the U.S. practiced containment during the Cold War?
- Direct Millitary Conflict
- Indirect Military Conflict
- Military Build-Up
467
What were the ways the U.S. practiced indirect military conflict after WW2 in containment efforts?
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Chinese Civil War - Failure
Collective Security - NATO & UN
CIA
Nixon Doctrine - Other nations have to do their own fighting
468
What did the Truman Doctrine do?
Said the U.S. would aid all European nations fighting communism. Sent $400 billion to Greece and Turkey
469
Where did the U.S. use the CIA to try and get rid of communist regimes?
Guatemala and Iran
470
What was a result of US overcommitting to foreign affairs during the Cold War?
Nixon Doctrine
471
What did the Nixon Doctrine state?
Other nations have to do their own fighting (Vietnamization)
472
What are some examples of military buildup during the Cold War?
NSC-68: Korean War under Truman
“New Look” under Eisenhower
JFK “Flexible Response”
Space Race
473
What did the “New Look” policy state and who used it?
Eisenhower and stressed nuclear weapons
474
What were some ways the U.S. increased military spending during the Space Race?
- Creation of NASA
- Nuclear Defense of Education Act
475
What are some examples of US direct military intervention during the Cold War?
- Korean War (1950-1953) “limited war”
- Vietnam War
476
What was an operation tactic used by the U.S. during the Vietnam War?
Operation Rolling Thunder where we bombed North Vietnam
477
What were some periods of Detente during the Cold War?
- 1st thaw: Eisenhower & Atoms for Peace
- Creation of a direct hotline between USSR and U.S. after Cuban Missile Crisis
- Nixon 2nd Thaw
478
How did Eisenhower represent the first thaw of the Cold War?
- Atoms For Peace Plan proposed
- Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders at Geneva (Spirit of Geneva)
479
What ruined the First Thaw of the Cold War?
U-2 Plane Incident
480
What was the Atoms for Peace Plan?
Eisenhower’s plan in 1953 to shift focus from nuclear weapons to peaceful applications of atomic energy such as energy production
481
How did Nixon practice detente?
Visits Mao in 1972
- SALT 1
482
What were some debate over the power of the mass military supply?
- Eisenhower’s Military Industrial Complex Speech
483
What were some debates during the Cold War over the growing power of the Executive Branch?
- Truman fired MacArthur in 1951
- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
- War Powers Act in 1973
484
What did the War Powers Act of 1973 do?
Limited presidential power during war by limiting how long they have a “blank check”
485
What were some examples of domestic opposition to Cold War policies?
- Debate over Korean War and goal of “limited war”
- Vietnam War divided nation between “Hawks” and “Doves”
486
Who were some examples of critics of the limited war strategy in Korea?
Republicans
487
488
What were the nicknames for the two opinions of the Vietnam War domestically?
“Hawks” and “Doves”
489
What caused the widespread fear of communist influence in U.S.?
Alger Hiss and Rosenburgs
490
What was an example of government policy that was a result of the Second Red Scare?
Federal Employee Loyalty Program of 1947 which investigated the background of federal employees
491
What was a group of people that were searched by HUAC?
Hollywood Ten
492
What were the causes of increased U.S. involvement in the Middle East following WW2?
1) Ideological : Support for Israel and non-communist regimes
2) Economic: Access to oil
3) Military: Strategic Concerns
493
What were some examples of US policy in the Middle East?
-Operation Ajax
- Suez Canal Crisis
- Eisenhower Doctrine
- OPEC
- Yom-Kippur War
494
What was Operation Ajax?
CIA overthrows Iranian government under Ike and imposes the Shah
495
What did the Eisenhower Doctrine state?
U.S. promised economic and military aid to all nations threatened by communism in Middle East
496
What were some Latin American countries the U.S. intervened in during Cold War?
- Guatemala
- Cuba
- Cuban Missile Crisis
497
What was a Native tribe the French formed an alliance with?
Ojibwe
498
How did the French and Natives benefit each other?
Natives brought beaver pelts while the French brought cookware, tools, and cloth
499
What was a movement that fought for increased Hispanic rights in the 1950s+?
Chicano Movement
500
What was a pro-Native Rights Act in the 1970s?
Indian Self-Determination Act
501
What was the American Indian Rights Movement in the 1950s?
Civil organizations for native property rights and cultural preservation
502
What organization did Chavez found?
National Farmworker Association
503
How did the Stonewall Riots lead to changes in the LGBT movement?
- Led to the creation of the first gay rights organizations and many marches such as the Stone Wall Riots
504
What were some major gains in the LGBTQ Rights movement?
Lawrence V. Texas (2003): Strike down a law which criminalized same-sex sex
505
What were setbacks for the LGBT movement in the late 20th century?
- Don’t Ask Don’t Tell (1993)
- AIDS ruined public perception of gay people
506
What was an example of LBJ environmental reform?
- Wilderness Act
- Endangered Species Act
507
What was a cultural preservation act under LBJ?
PBS
- National Historical Preservation
508
What were some consumer protections under LBJ?
Fair Packaging and Labeling Act: Food labels
509
What were some civil rights legislation under LBJ?
- Voting Rights Act 1965
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
510
What did Nixon run on in 1968?
- Law and Order
- Southern Strategy by appealing to racial tensions and conservative values
511
What did Nixon’s southern strategy show?
Growth of the conservative movement and the final flip of the Republican movement to advocate for he conservative values of the south
512
What did Watergate stem from?
— A break-in at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters
- Members of the Nixon Administration tried to cover it up
513
What were some examples of domestic tensions during the 1950s?
Betty Friedan & The Feminine Mystique
- Beatniks
-Civil Rights Movement
514
What new worker class rose up during the 1950s?
- White Collar workers
515
What new technology increased consumerism during the 1950s?
Credit Cards
516
What were some examples during the 1950s that show the growing Civil War?
- WW2: CORE
- Brown V. Board of Education
- Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Freedom Rides 1961
