Jan 30th Readings (Chap 10) Flashcards
(57 cards)
What are the 2 types of expectancies that exist?
efficacy and outcomes.
Efficacy expectation- judgment of one’s capacity to execute a particular act or course of action. “Can I do it?”
Outcome expectation- a judgment that a given action, once performed will cause a particular outcome. “Will it work?”
What does perceived control revolve around?
How the self (Agent) can exert control (Ends). Perceived control can be broken down into more basic questions like “Can I cope effectively?” “will my coping improve my health, marriage or scholarship prospects?”
To function competently when failure comes our way we need to….
We need to not be disrupted by it, but instead use what it is telling us so that we can enhance our progress in what we are trying to do. Most importantly, we can interpret a failure episode as either a challenge or as a threat.
When failure as a challenge means we understand the meaning of failure as an opportunity for growth and learning, how are we viewing failure/how are we oriented?
Thinking this way, we tend to cope in mastery-oriented ways and this leads us to adaptive functioning outcomes
When failure as a treat means we understand the meaning of failure as a danger to our WB, how are we viewing failure/how are we oriented?
We tend to cope in defensive, self-protective ways, and this debilitating coping style leads to maladaptive functioning and outcomes.
How does being surrounded by relational supports vs thwarts change how we view failure?
support= we tend to appraise and cope with failure as a challenge that we can learn from and overcome via new and improved effort strategy and instruction, it is a learning process. thwart= we appraise and cope with failure as a threat. we focus our attention inward in an effort to defensively protect our SE, which takes our attention away from what would actually represent effective coping, which would be channeling our attention and effort into mastering the enviro and the challenges it brings.
Are efficacy expectations and self-efficacy the same thing?
Efficacy expectations focus on ?s like “Can I perform well on this task?” and “If things start to go wrong, do I have the resources within me to cope and turn things around?”
Self-efficacy is a more generative capacity where the ind. organizes and orchestrates all of their skills and capacities to cope with the demands and circumstances they face. It is the capacity to use one’s personal resources well under diverse and trying circumstances.
Is self-efficacy the same as ability?
No. competent functioning requires not only possessing skills (ie. ability) but also the capacity to translate those skills into effective performance, especially under trying and difficult circumstances. eg. you can be a great skier, but still perform poorly when the weather is terrible. However self-efficacy is just as important as a determinant of competent functioning as is ability b.c performance situations often as stressful, ambiguous, and unpredictable, and as one performs, circumstances ALWAYS change.
When does self-efficacy become important?
When circumstances rise to test our abilities, as when driving in an unreliable car on an unfamiliar road with poorly marked streets.
The opposite of efficacy is ____
doubt. For the driver who doubts their capacity to cope, then surprises, setbacks and difficulties with create anxiety, confusion and negative thinking
Self efficacy beliefs have historical roots. They arise from… (4)
- One’s personal history is trying to execute that particular behaviour or way of coping in the past
- observations of similar others who also try to execute that behaviour
- verbal persuasions (pep talks) from others
- Physiological states such as racing versus a calm heart
If one has a strong sense of efficacy, will an occasionally incompetent enactment lower their self-efficacy a lot?
No, nor will an occasional enactment raise a strong send of inefficiency much. However, if the person is inexperienced, each new competent or incompetent enactment will impact future efficacy quite a bit. this is imp. to know when teach someone a new skill.
Of the 4 sources of self-efficacy, which one is the most influential?
Personal Behaviour History (vicarious experience is the next)
Does seeing others perform masterfully increase or decrease the observer’s sense of efficacy?
Increase, because seeing similar others perform the same behaviour initiates a social comparison process (f they can do it- so can I!) But it can also work the opposite as well- seeing someone perform the action clumsily can lower our own sense of efficacy.
The extent to which a model’s enactment affects our own efficacy depends on 2 factors…
- the greater the similarity between the model and observer, the greater the impact the model’s behaviour will have on the observer’s own efficacy forecast
- The less experiences the observer is, the greater impact of the vicarious experience
What does pep talk do?
it persuades the performer to focus on personal strengths and potentials and less on personal weaknesses and deficiencies. It shifts the person’s attention from sources of inefficacy to efficacy.
What does pep talk depend on?
Its effectiveness is limited by the boundaries of the possible in the mind of the performer and depnds of the credibility, expertise, and trustworthiness of the persuader. it provides a temporary efficacy boost for one more try.
The causal direction between efficacy and phyiological activity is…
bidirectional: inefficacy heightens arousal and heightened arousal feeds back to fuel perceived inefficacy. Physiological info communicates efficacy info most when initial efficacy is uncertain (ie. someone’s first time). when efficacy is relatively assured, ppl sometimes discount or reinterpret their physiological cues to be positive sources of efficacy.
Why is the relative potency of the different sources of efficacy info important?
because of it’s implications for therapeutic strategies for designing motivational interventions for ppl with low self-efficacy beliefs.
Does skilled performance (personal behaviour history) increase self-efficacy, does self-efficacy increase skilled performance, or do both of these effects occur?
Skilled performance clearly predicts longitudinal changes in self-efficacy beliefs. the other one is slightly more confusing in the lit, but it is believed that both exist but the performance on self-efficacy is stronger.
How do self-efficacy beliefs contribute to the quality of human functioning/behaviour?
The more ppl expect that they can adequately perform an action, the more willing they are to put forth effort and persist in facing difficulties. In contrast, when people expect that they cannot adequately perform the required task, they are not willing to engage.
self efficacy beliefs affect… (4)
- The choice of activities and selection of environment
- the extent of effort and persistence put forth during performance
- the quality of thinking and decision making during performance
- emotional reactions, especially those related to stress and anxiety
When ppl shun an activity out of doubt over personal competence they participate in…
the self-destructive process of retarding their own development. Eg. if doubt stops someone from taking a language course, they will likely speak to people from that country less and be less likely to try their food etc. etc. so they will further narrow their range of activities and settings
How does self-efficacy influence effort and persistence?
Self efficacy beliefs influence how much effort ppl exert and how long they put forth that effort in the face of adversity.
