Jessicas Chapter 4-5 Notecards

Question 1

Using the term surface-area-to-volume-ration, explain why the vast majority of cells are small?

Answer 1

A cell needs a surface that is large enough to let nutrients in and let accumulating toxins out.( determines the size) Large cells would have to much going on inside compared to the surface area exchange.

Question 2

What are the three statements that make up Cell Theory?

Answer 2

1. All organisms are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms 3. Cells come only from pre existing cells (self-reproducing)

Question 3

What shape is bacillus?

Answer 3

Rod-shaped

Question 4

What is the shape of coccus?

Answer 4

Spherical

Question 5

What is the shape of spirochete?

Answer 5

long, twisted rod-shapes

Question 6

What are the three parts of the cell envelope?

Answer 6

Inside-outside plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycocalyx

Question 7

Describe the first part of cell envelope.

Answer 7

Plasma membrane- regulates entrance and exit of substances to and from the cytoplasm (water based matrix inside the cell).

Question 8

Describe the second part of cell envelope.

Answer 8

Cell wall- made of peptidoglycan and provides structure that is strong enough to resist cell swelling when water enters the cell.

Question 9

The third part of cell envelope.

Answer 9

Glycocalyx(carbohydrate)-helps keep water in the cell, and an organized glycocalyx called a capsule protects some bacteria from a host immune system.

Question 10

What is the difference between flagella and fimbriae?

Answer 10

Flagella- comparatively long appendages

Fimbriae- comparatively short appendages

Question 11

Describe the function of a conjugation pili.

Answer 11

The appendage is a rigid tube used to pass DNA from cell to cell.

Question 12

How do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 12

Split into two cells by binary fission

Question 13

Is the conjugation pili involved in bacterial reproduction?

Answer 13

No. While it does pass on genetic info to other bacteria, it is not for the purpose of replication

Question 14

Where is genetic information of prokaryote found in the cell?

Answer 14

In the cytoplasm. The Dna is coiled and forms a nucleoid which is not membrane bound

Question 15

Describe the bacterial chromosome.

Answer 15

It’s DNA of a single-circular molecule. It forms the nucleiod.

Question 16

How is bacterial chromosome different from a plasmid?

Answer 16

Bacterial chromosome- molecule of circular DNA

Plasmid-cell that can replicate chromosomes, like bacterial chromosomes

Question 17

Are Cyanobacteria producers or consumers? How can you tell?

Answer 17

Producers because they are capable of photosynthesis like eukaryotic plants.

Question 18

What do cyanobacteria use thylakoid membranes for?

Answer 18

To convert energy of the sun to energy containing bonds in organic molecules.

Question 19

What two things are found in thylakoid membranes?

Answer 19

Chlorophyll and other pigments

Question 20

Describe the changes that would have produced a membrane-bound nucleus. (Eukaryotic)

Answer 20

Eukaryotic cells were prokaryotes until they evolved from the invagination of the plasma membrane.

Question 21

Describe the endosymbiotic theory of the changes that would produce a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell.

Answer 21

Eukaryotic cell engulfed cyanobacteria and instead of killing them, began using the products of cellular respiration for their metabolism.

Question 22

Describe the endosymbiotic theory of the changes that would produce a eukaryotic cell able to use sugar and oxygen to create energy rich molecules (ATP).

Answer 22

?

Question 23

How are ribosomes different in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes? Explain how this difference supports the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 23

Eukaryotes have larger ribosomes and found in the nucleolus in the nucleus where as prokaryotes are smaller and can be found in the cytoplasm

Question 24

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles. Explain how this supports the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 24

Chloroplasts are the same size as cyanobacteria and mitochondria is the same size as heterotrophic bacteria. Both have a double membrane: one layer from the eukaryotes plasma membrane and one layer from the bacterias plasma membrane. Both have ribosomes that are the same size as bacterial ribosomes.

Question 25

Characteristics and function in an eukaryotic cell: nucleus.

Answer 25

- Command center of the cell. - large organelle - nucleoplasm is the semi fluid matrix in the nucleus - contains chromatin( nucleic acid DNA with proteins to organize)

Question 26

Characteristics and function in an eukaryotic cell: nucleolus

Answer 26

Produces subunits of ribosomes

Question 27

Characteristics and function in an eukaryotic cell: ribosomes

Answer 27

- Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm, so ribosomes have to move through to do their jobs - large and small subunits constructed in the nucleolus in the nucleus - made of rRNA and some proteins

Question 28

Characteristics and function in an eukaryotic cell: rough er

Answer 28

Studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins

Question 29

Characteristics and function in an eukaryotic cell: smooth er

Answer 29

Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules

Question 30

Characteristics and function in an eukaryotic cell: Golgi apparatus

Answer 30

- Processes,packages, and secretes modified proteins - Transports to the plasma membrane and other places in the cytoplasm like lysosomes. - 3-20 flattened saccules

Question 31

Characteristics and function in an eukaryotic cell: lysosomes.

Answer 31

- Vesicles that bud off the trans face of the Golgi apparatus. - It assists in the digestion of cellular materials. - Lysosomes can fuse with vesicles containing material from outside the cell and digest the material.

Question 32

Characteristics and function in an eukaryotic cell: peroxisomes(micro bodies)

Answer 32

-Peroxisomes break down hydrogen period ideal it won't damage the cell. -Liver cells that need to convert fatty acid to glucose for cell Plants: germinating seeds need to convert fatty acids to glucose for cellular reparation

Question 33

Characteristics and function in an eukaryotic cell: mitochondria

Answer 33

Organelle that carries out cellular respiration, and produces ATP. Double membrane: - matrix: inside the inner membrane that has its own ribosomes and DNA - inner membrane is folded into cristae

Question 34

Characteristics and function in an eukaryotic cell: centrosomes

Answer 34

Microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles

Question 35

What are two additional organelles found in a plant cell? What are their function and characteristics?

Answer 35

Central vacuole: filled with a water solution call cell sap. It takes up 90% of cytoplasmic space. And provides support and structure to the plant cell. Chloroplast: contains the membranes, enzymes, and pigments for photosynthesis. It has a double membrane. It has thylakoids that are disk shape. Grana is a stacks of thylakoids and stroma is the water solution inside the chloroplast.

Question 36

Identify all organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

Answer 36

``` Cytoskeleton Centrioles- centrosomes Vesicle Lysosomes Nucleus ER Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Mitochondria ```

Question 37

The cytoskeleton is made up of what three types of filaments? Which is the thickest and the thinnest?

Answer 37

1. Actin filaments: thinnest 2. Intermediate filaments : middle sized 3. Microtubules: largest

Question 38

What protein is the subunit used to build microtubules?

Answer 38

Tubulin is the subunit

Question 39

Which filament creates centrioles when arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern?

Answer 39

Basel body is made of nine groups of three microtubules.

Question 40

Which filament created flagella when advanced in a 9+2 pattern?

Answer 40

Nine groups of two microtubules

Question 41

How is the motion of prokaryotic flagella different from the motion of eukaryotic flagella?

Answer 41

Prokaryote flagella- small/simple structure made up of protein flagellum (proton driven) (rotatory movement) Eukaryotic flagella- larger and complex structure, tubulin microtubules, bending movement, ATP driven.

Question 42

How is basal body associated with flagellum?

Answer 42

Can't find

Question 43

Which filaments can dynamically rearrange to create movement at the plasma membrane of amoeba?

Answer 43

Actin filaments

Question 44

Name two types of organic molecules that are found embedded or peripheral in the phospholipid of the plasma membrane.

Answer 44

Embedded membrane proteins - integral membrane proteins: that can span the bilayer from outer to inner layer - peripheral proteins: can be anchored in just the inner layer

Question 45

Use the word a philatelic molecule to describe a phospholipid including the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

Answer 45

Phosphate head is hydrophilic | fatty acid tail is hydrophobic

Question 46

What does it mean to say a protein is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 46

Can't move from the inner/outer layer to the outer/inner layer

Question 47

What does it mean to say a protein is peripheral in the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 47

Proteins that can be anchored in just the inner layer.

Question 48

Do peripheral proteins face the inner or outside or the cell?

Answer 48

Inner

Question 49

When there is a carbohydrate bonded to a membrane phospholipid, the molecule is called a ___________?

Answer 49

?

Question 50

When there is a carbohydrate bonded to a membrane integral protein, the molecule is called_____?

Answer 50

?

Question 51

Using hydrophobic, explain why integral and peripheral proteins stay anchored in the phospholipid bilayer and don’t move into the space outside or inside the cell

Answer 51

?

Question 52

Using hydrophilic, explain why integral and peripheral proteins stay anchored in the phospholipid bilayer and don’t move into the space outside or inside the cell

Answer 52

?

Question 53

Explain the fluid mosaic model

Answer 53

- Phospholipids can move in their layer of the bilayer - macromolecules that are hydrophobic will stay embedded in the membrane but can move around - molecules embedded in the membrane can also be anchored by interactions with the structure in the cytoplasm or outside the cell

Question 54

The plasma membrane is asymmetric. What does that mean?

Answer 54

There are two layers but they are not exactly the same

Question 55

What is the function of the integral membrane proteins: channel proteins

Answer 55

Passing molecules through the membrane. They form a channel that allows a substance to simply move from one side to the other.

Question 56

What is the function of the integral membrane proteins: carrier proteins

Answer 56

Passing molecules through the membrane. They recurve a substance and change their shape, this change moves the substance across the membrane.

Question 57

What is the function of the integral membrane proteins: cell recognition proteins

Answer 57

They are glycoproteins that help the body recognize when it is being invaded by pathogens, so an immune response can occur.

Question 58

What is the function of the integral membrane proteins: receptor proteins

Answer 58

Have a shape that allows specific molecules to bind to it. The binding of the molecule allows the proteins to change shape to bring cellular response.

Question 59

What is the function of the integral membrane proteins: enzymatic proteins

Answer 59

Carry out metabolic reactions, without these enzymes, a cell would never be able to perform the chemical reactions needed to maintain its metabolism.

Question 60

What is the function of the integral membrane proteins: junction proteins

Answer 60

Form varies junctions between animal cells. Signals molecules that pass through gap junctions allow the cilia of cells to beat in unison

Question 61

Do charged molecules move easily into or out of a cell? Explain

Answer 61

No because they are chemically incompatible with the center of the membrane and require a lot of energy to drive their transport

Question 62

Do small no charged molecules move easily into or out of a cell? Explain

Answer 62

Yes because they are able to slip between hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids and pass through the hydrophobic tails of the membrane

Question 63

Do large macromolecules move easily into or out of a cell? Explain.

Answer 63

?

Question 64

Name the channel protein that allows water to move freely into and out of the cell.

Answer 64

Hydrophobic molecules ( small no polar molecules)

Question 65

Define diffusion.

Answer 65

Molecules and ions move from high to low concentration

Question 66

Define osmosis.

Answer 66

Diffusion of water

Question 67

What does it mean for a molecule to move down it'd concentration gradient? How does it looks if there is no membrane? How does it look if there is a selectively permeable membrane present?

Answer 67

?

Question 68

How does water move through a selectively permeable membrane in an isotonic solution?

Answer 68

Water will move into the cell through aquaporins and out of the cell through aquaporins equally so the amount of water in the cell will stay the same.

Question 69

How does water move through a selectively permeable membrane in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 69

Water will move into the cell through aquaporins down its concentration gradient so the amount if water in the cell will increase and rage cell will swell.

Question 70

How does water move through a selectively permeable membrane in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 70

Water will move out of the cell through aquaporins down its concentration gradient so the amount of water in the cell will decrease and the cell will shrink.

Question 71

A cell will shrink when placed in a _______ solution.

Answer 71

Hypertonic

Question 72

A cell will swell when placed in a ________ solution.

Answer 72

Hypotonic

Question 73

A cell will stay the same size when placed in a ______ solution.

Answer 73

Isotonic

Question 74

How does a plant cell wall protect the cell in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 74

The cell wall doesn't allow for the water to bust the cell.

Question 75

Explain facilitated transport using carrier proteins and concentration proteins.

Answer 75

Carrier protein: they change their shape as the process of allowing molecules to pass into or out of the cell If a molecule is moving didn't its concentration gradient, no cellular energy needs to be used If a molecule is moving against its concentration ( low to high concentration) then cellular energy is used.

Question 76

What process does not require energy in the form of ATP?

Answer 76

Facilitated transport

Question 77

What process requires energy in the form of ATP?

Answer 77

Active or bulk transport

Question 78

When energy in the form of ATP is required, it is called _____ transport.

Answer 78

Bulk or active transport

Question 79

What are the details of a sodium potassium pump?

Answer 79

Moves 3Na+ ions out of the ell and moves 2 K+ molecules into the cell against their concentration gradient Example of active transport and us s a lot of the ATP created by cellular respiration in mitochondria.

Question 80

What is exocytosis?

Answer 80

Bulk transport out of the cell

Question 81

How are substances outside the cell moved inside the cell?

Answer 81

Endocytosis

Question 82

What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

Answer 82

Phagocytosis: endocytosis of large particles like food or cellular pinocytosis: Endocytosis of a solution ( solvent + solute)

Question 83

Why is receptor mediated endocytosis sometimes more specific than other types of endocytosis?

Answer 83

- It integral membrane proteins that use their shape and charge to match closely and bind specific molecules - only correct molecule is transported into the cell

Question 84

What are the types of organic molecules that create the extracellular matrix?

Answer 84

- mesh work of proteins and polysaccharides - collagen and elastin are important proteins - fibronectin is an important glycoprotein

Question 85

Desmosomes create _______ junctions.

Answer 85

Adhesion

Question 86

________ junctions hold plasma membranes so close together that molecules can't pass between adjacent cells.

Answer 86

Tight

Question 87

______________ junctions create channels that allow molecules to move from the cytoplasm of one cell into the cytoplasm of the adjacent cell.

Answer 87

Gap

Question 88

What is the difference between gap junctions between animal cells and plasmodesmata between plant cells?

Answer 88

Gap- are connections between adjacent cells that allow cells to communicate (channels) Plasmadesmata- channels between adjacent cells that are lined with plasma membrane (plasma membrane and cell walls)