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Bio 111 > Sabrina's Chapter 1-3 Notecards > Flashcards

Sabrina's Chapter 1-3 Notecards Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of matter?

A

An atom

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2
Q

List the levels of organization of life from smallest to largest

A

Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism (Species), Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

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3
Q

What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?

A

Atoms combine to form molecules and molecules form the structures within the cell.

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4
Q

What is the most basic unit of life?

A

A cell

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5
Q

Define a tissue

A

Similar cells grouped together that have a common function

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6
Q

Define an organ

A

Different types of tissues that work together to perform a function

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7
Q

Define an organ system

A

Organs that work together to perform a common function

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8
Q

Define species

A

A group of similar, interbreeding organisms

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9
Q

Define a population

A

A species in a particular area

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10
Q

Define a community

A

Interacting populations in a particular area

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11
Q

Define an ecosystem

A

A community and the physical environment

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12
Q

Define a biosphere

A

Regions of the Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere (inhabited by living organisms)

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13
Q

True or False: Energy cycles

A

False

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14
Q

How does energy flow between organisms?

A

Producers receive energy from the sun and combine it with inorganic chemicals through photosynthesis. Smaller consumers then receive energy from the producers. Larger consumers receive energy from the smaller consumers.

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15
Q

When energy flows between organisms it is lost as?

A

Heat

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16
Q

True or False: Chemicals cycle between organisms?

A

True

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17
Q

How do chemicals cycle between organisms?

A

Producers take in solar energy and combine it with inorganic nutrients to produce organic nutrients through photosynthesis. Consumers eat the producers and eventually die. Decomposition returns the inorganic nutrients to the ground and eventually back to the producers.

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18
Q

What must happen in order for organic molecules in the food chain to be returned to the producers?

A

Death and decomposition

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19
Q

Where does all the energy necessary for life come from?

A

The sun

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20
Q

Define homeostasis

A

A state of biological balance

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21
Q

List the three most common ways to maintain homeostasis

A

Temperature, Moisture level, and Acidity

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22
Q

What is the most common way organisms respond to their environment and other organisms?

A

Movement

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23
Q

Because we know life only comes from life, we know that organisms?

A

Reproduce

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24
Q

How do multicellular organisms reproduce?

A

The joining of the sperm from a male and the egg from the female

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25
Q

How do single celled organisms reproduce?

A

They split into two new individuals

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26
Q

Define a gene

A

The genetic instructions of DNA

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27
Q

Define mutation

A

Inheritable changes in the genetic information

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28
Q

Give an example of mutations

A

Hair/Eye color

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29
Q

How are adaptations related to mutations?

A

Mutations form an important source of variation in population. This allows organisms to adapt to their environment in order to survive.

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30
Q

How are adaptations related to evolution?

A

Adaptations are unintentional and provide a framework for evolution.

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31
Q

Define evolution

A

The way a population of organisms changes over the course of many generations to become more suited to their environment

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32
Q

Define natural selection

A

The process that makes modifications/adaptations possible

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33
Q

Who is the scientist who developed the theory of natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

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34
Q

Define taxonomy

A

Discipline of identifying and grouping organisms following certain rules

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35
Q

Define systematics

A

Study of evolutionary relationships

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36
Q

List the basic classification groups from most inclusive to least inclusive

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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37
Q

List the basic classification groups from least inclusive to most inclusive

A

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom

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38
Q

Name the three domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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39
Q

Define prokaryotes

A

Lack a true nucleus (membrane-bound nucleus)

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40
Q

Which two domains contain prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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41
Q

How are bacteria different from archaea?

A

Archaea arrange their DNA differently than bacteria. Chemicals in archaea’s cell wall and membrane are more similar to eukaryotes

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42
Q

Define eukaryotes

A

Organisms with cells that have a true nucleus (membrane-bound nucleus)

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43
Q

Which domain contains eukaryotes?

A

Eukarya

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44
Q

Define binomial nomenclature

A

A two part name given to all living organisms. The first word is the genus and the second word in the species

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45
Q

What is the correct way to write a binomial nomenclature?

A

The genus or first word is capitalized. The Species or second word is lower case. The name is always italicized.

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46
Q

Describe the scientific process

A

The scientific process starts with observations. After gathering background information and making careful observations a hypothesis is formed. The hypothesis is tested through experimentation. After experimentation has concluded, the data should be analyzed and a conclusion should be drawn.

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47
Q

Which part of the scientific method uses inductive reasoning?

A

Forming a hypothesis

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48
Q

Which part of the scientific method uses deductive reasoning?

A

The experimental process

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49
Q

In general what is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?

A

Inductive reasoning involves creative thinking and deductive reasoning follows the “if…then” form

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50
Q

Define experimental (independent/manipulated) variable

A

What is being changed in an experiment

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51
Q

Define responding (dependent) variable

A

What is being measured or observed in an experiment

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52
Q

Define control variable

A

The group that is not exposed to the experimental variable in an experiment

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53
Q

True or False: The responding variable of an experiment goes on the X-axis?

A

False. The responding variable goes on the Y-axis

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54
Q

True or False: The experimental variable of an experiment goes on the X-axis?

A

True

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55
Q

What is a model organism?

A

An organism such as a fruit fly or mouse that have been studied extensively

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56
Q

Why are model organisms important?

A

There is a lot of background information on these organisms so predictions will be easier to make and hypothesis will be easier to test

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57
Q

Describe what it means for an experiment when p

A

There is less than a 5% risk that the differences are due to chance alone (95% confident that differences are not due to chance)

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58
Q

What is the difference between a scientific journal and a scientific magazine?

A

A scientific journal contains detailed accounts of an experiment and are peer reviewed while a scientific magazine are an organization of interesting science by reporters

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59
Q

Define scientific theory

A

When many related hypotheses have been tested by many experiment and are supported by the data collected

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60
Q

Define matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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61
Q

Define element

A

A substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means

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62
Q

What six elements make up 95% of the body of all living organisms?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

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63
Q

What are the three subatomic particles?

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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64
Q

What is the mass of a proton?

A

1 AMU

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65
Q

What is the mass of a neutron?

A

1 AMU

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66
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

0 AMU

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67
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Positive

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68
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

No charge

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69
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Negative

70
Q

Where is a proton found within an atom?

A

The nucleus

71
Q

Where is a neutron found in an atom?

A

The nucleus

72
Q

Where is an electron found in an atom?

A

Orbitals in electron shells around the nucleus

73
Q

What does the atomic number represent?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

74
Q

What does the atomic mass represent?

A

Sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom

75
Q

Define an atomic symbol

A

1 or 2 letters representing the element

76
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

77
Q

Define radioactivity

A

The release of energy and/or particles from the nucleus

78
Q

Describe the Bohr model of an atom

A

Shows electrons in orbitals around the nucleus

79
Q

When electrons fill shells, how many will fit in the first shell/orbital?

A

2 electrons

80
Q

After the first shell/orbital is filled, how many electrons will fit in the second/remaining shells/orbitals?

A

8 electrons

81
Q

Filling electron orbitals follows what rule?

A

Octet rule

82
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

The outermost shell of an atom

83
Q

What is a valence electron?

A

The electrons in a valence shell

84
Q

Which part of the atom is the only part that participates in forming bonds with other atoms?

A

The valence shell

85
Q

Define metabolism

A

Sum total of chemical reactions in an organism

86
Q

Define compound

A

When two or more atoms bond together

87
Q

What does a molecular formula tell you?

A

The kind of atoms and number of each atom

88
Q

What is necessary for covalent bonds to form?

A

Electrons of an element can be completely lost or gained

89
Q

Describe ionic bond formation in detail using NaCl as an example

A

Na (sodium) loses an electron and becomes Na+, Cl (Chloride) gains an electron and becomes Cl-, Na+ attracts Cl- and NaCl is formed

90
Q

What is necessary for covalent bonds to form?

A

Atoms must share electrons

91
Q

Why are the bonds in a water molecule polar covalent bonds?

A

The oxygen atom in water is much larger than the hydrogen atoms causing the electron density to be shared unequally resulting in a polar covalent bond

92
Q

How do the polar covalent bonds in water make hydrogen bonds between water molecules possible?

A

The partially positive hydrogen attracts negative charges and the partially negative oxygen attracts positive charges.

93
Q

Define calorie

A

Heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

94
Q

Describe why water has a high heat capacity

A

Organisms living in water can maintain temperature homeostasis because the temperature of the water does not change rapidly

95
Q

Define solution

A

Liquid with dissolved substances

96
Q

Define solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a liquid

97
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

Molecules that interact with water

98
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

Molecules that do not interact with water

99
Q

What is the difference between a hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecule?

A

Hydrophilic molecules interact with water and hydrophobic molecules do not interact with water

100
Q

Why does ice form on top of liquid water rather than under it?

A

Ice is less dense than liquid water. When the temperature is below four degrees Celsius, hydrogen bonds become stiff and leave more space between molecules.

101
Q

Describe the formation of a hydrogen ion from a hydrogen atom

A

A hydrogen ion is formed when the electron orbiting the atoms nucleus is released/given away

102
Q

In terms of number of hydrogen ions, describe the pH scale

A

The larger the amount of hydrogen ions in an element, the lower the pH value. The smaller the amount of hydrogen ions in an element, the higher the pH value.

103
Q

What does it mean to be acidic?

A

In order to be acidic an element must have a pH level of 1-6. This element must also have more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl groups

104
Q

What does it mean to be basic/alkaline?

A

In order for an element to be basic/alkaline, the element must have a pH level of 8-14. The element must also have more hydroxyl groups than hydrogen ions.

105
Q

True or False: Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid?

A

True

106
Q

Why is Hydrochloric acid so strong?

A

Hydrochloric acid is strong because it’s two components, hydrogen and chloride, are both extremely stable.

107
Q

What two things can make a solution a base?

A

A solution can become a base by either taking up/bonding to hydrogen ions or releasing hydroxyl groups

108
Q

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

A

pH 7

109
Q

What is the pH of an acidic solution?

A

ph of 1-6

110
Q

What is the pH of a basic/alkaline solution?

A

ph of 8-14

111
Q

What does a buffer do?

A

A buffer can take up hydrogen ions if there is a lot of acid or take up hydroxyl groups if there is a lot of base

112
Q

What makes a molecule an organic molecule?

A

They must be compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.

113
Q

Name the four categories of organic molecules

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

114
Q

Which element creates the backbone for organic molecules?

A

Carbon

115
Q

Why is carbon a good fit to create the backbone for organic molecules?

A

It can create four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur

116
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

Molecules that have a carbon backbone and make the rest of the bond with hydrogen atoms

117
Q

Define functional groups

A

When atoms are joined by bonds that create electron clouds that can be reactive they form function groups

118
Q

How are molecular formulas different from structural formulas?

A

Molecular formulas tell us what the atomic symbol and the number of each atom while structural formulas tell us how the atoms are bonded to one another

119
Q

Define isomer

A

Two molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

120
Q

What is a dehydration reaction (synthesis)?

A

Condensation reaction that removes a hydrogen atom from one side of the bond and a hydroxyl group from the other side of the bond

121
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

Adding water to break a bond

122
Q

What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide?

A

A monosaccharide is a single carbohydrate molecule while a disaccharide is two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction.

123
Q

What are the two main functions of polysaccharides (sugars)?

A

Energy storage molecules or structural molecules

124
Q

What is the glucose storage molecule in plants?

A

Starch

125
Q

What is the glucose storage molecule in animals?

A

Glycogen

126
Q

What makes starch different from glycogen?

A

Starch creates a different branching pattern than glucose

127
Q

In a carbohydrate, what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms?

A

1:2:1

128
Q

What is the difference between a pentose sugar and a hexose sugar?

A

Pentose sugars have five carbons while hexose sugars have six carbons

129
Q

How many carbon molecules does glucose have?

A

Six carbons

130
Q

Name the three different structural carbohydrates

A

Cellulose, Chitin, Peptidoglycan

131
Q

Describe Cellulose

A

Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate and most abundant organic molecule on Earth. Cellulose is created by complex bonds formed between chains of glucose molecules.

132
Q

Describe Chitin

A

Chitin is composed of glucose attached to an amino group. It’s found in fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, scorpions, and insects, and seed coatings. Animals cannot digest chitin.

133
Q

Describe Peptidoglycan

A

Peptidoglycan is composed of saccharine monomers that are attached to animo acid chains.

134
Q

What do animals lack that make them unable to digest cellulose and chitin?

A

Animals lack the enzymes necessary to digest cellulose and chitin.

135
Q

Where is a Peptidoglycan found?

A

Bacterial cell walls

136
Q

What is a fat molecule?

A

A lipid

137
Q

What are the parts of a triglyceride?

A

Three fatty acid chains and one glycerol

138
Q

Describe how the parts of triglyceride are joined together using a dehydration reaction

A

A hydrogen ion is lost from each carboxyl group of each fatty acid and a hydroxyl group is lost from each carbon of glycerol

139
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid chain and an unsaturated fatty acid chain?

A

Saturated fatty acid chains are saturated with hydrogen atoms everyone a carbon atom can form a bond with hydrogen. Saturated fatty acid chains are straight and can stack tightly. Unsaturated fatty acid chains have some of the carbons double or triple bonded to adjacent carbon molecules. Unsaturated fatty acid chains are kinky and do not allow for tight stacking.

140
Q

What organisms make oils?

A

Plants

141
Q

Define Glycerol

A

A three carbon compound with three hydroxyl functional groups

142
Q

What are the parts of a phospholipid?

A

Glycerol, two fatty acid chains, one phosphate functional group

143
Q

Where are phospholipids found?

A

Membrane surrounding the nucleus in organisms in the Eukarya domain

144
Q

True or False: Steroids are lipids?

A

True

145
Q

Describe the structure of a steroid molecule

A

Lipids formed into ring structures

146
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A steroid

147
Q

Where is cholesterol found?

A

Cell membrane

148
Q

Proteins are polymers of what molecule?

A

Amino acid molecules

149
Q

The central carbon of an amino acid is bonded to four things. What are they?

A

Amino functional group, hydrogen atom, carboxylic acid functional group, “R” group

150
Q

Describe three ways “R” groups can behave differently from one another

A

Nonpolar, Polar, Ionized

151
Q

What type of covalent bond joins amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

152
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Amino acid sequence

153
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

In a secondary structure a protein can twist into a helix or fold into a sheet

154
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Many proteins are globular in shape

155
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

More than one string of primary structure sometimes must interact to form a functional protein

156
Q

What do chaperone proteins do?

A

Assist in twisting and folding proteins correctly

157
Q

What are the three parts of a Nucleic acid molecule?

A

Phosphate functional group, five carbon sugar (deoxyribose/ribose), nitrogen containing base

158
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

DNA is a double stranded molecule

159
Q

How many strands does DNA have?

A

Two

160
Q

What covalent bonds create the strands in DNA?

A

A phosphate group of one molecule covalently bonds to the third carbon of the five carbon sugar in the adjacent molecule

161
Q

What type of bonds join the strands of DNA together?

A

Two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogen containing bases from one strand interacting with nitrogen containing bases in the other strand

162
Q

What five carbon sugar is DNA composed of?

A

Deoxyribose

163
Q

What nitrogen containing bases are DNA composed of?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine

164
Q

Describe the structure of RNA?

A

Single stranded molecule

165
Q

How many strands is DNA composed of?

A

One

166
Q

What covalent bonds create the strands in RNA?

A

A phosphate group of one molecule covalently bonds to the third carbon of the five carbon sugar in the adjacent molecule (same as DNA)

167
Q

What five carbon sugar is RNA composed of?

A

Ribose

168
Q

What nitrogen containing bases is RNA composed of?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine

169
Q

True or False: ATP is a Nucleic acid?

A

True

170
Q

What is the function of ATP in living organisms?

A

High energy molecule that is used to power cellular processes

171
Q

What is the relationship between ATP and ADP?

A

Enzymes break the terminal phosphate group bond to release energy and create ADP. A metabolic pathway lines up enzymes that harness energy to create a bond between ADP and a phosphate group to replenish ATP.

Bio 111 (8 decks)

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