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Human Movement Science - BPT07 > Joint Biomechanics - Ankle and Foot > Flashcards

Joint Biomechanics - Ankle and Foot Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Stable Foot

A
  • Sufficiently support the weight-bearing force from the body.
  • Absorb the shock from landing on the ground below.
  • Propel the body through space by pushing off the ground.
    Generally a factor of dorsiflexion/plantarflexion of the foot at the talocrural joint.
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2
Q

Flexible Foot

A
  • Adapt to the uneven ground surfaces.

Generally a factor of eversion/inversion of the foot at the subtalar joint.

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3
Q

Talocrural Joint

A

Between trochlear surface of talus (convex) and the distal tibia and fibula (concave).
Synovial hinge joint - Lock and key.
- Mortise: tibia and fibula (lock)
- Tenon: talus (key)

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4
Q

Motion of the Talocrural Joint

A

Usually combined with subtalar and midtalar joint motion.

  • Plantarflexion is usually associated with adduction and inversion.
  • Dorsiflexion is usually associated with abduction and eversion
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5
Q

Planes and ROM of the Talocrural Joint

A

Plantarflexion: Sagittal plane, transversal axis, 50° ROM.
Dorsiflexion: Sagittal plane, transversal axis, 20° ROM (limited due to tension in gastrocnemius).

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6
Q

Talocrural Joint - Position of Talus Regarding Movement

A

Dorsiflexion: Broader anterior part of trochlear surface of talus is forced between the narrower posterior part of tibiofibular mortise (makes it stiffer, less ROM).
Plantarflexion: Narrower posterior part of the trochlea of the talus moves forward into the broader part of the tibiofibular mortise.

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7
Q

Arthrokinematics of the Talocrural Joint in OKC

A

Plantarflexion: Convex talus glides on concave mortise (roll and slide in opposite directions), Posterior-anterior slide.
Dorsiflexion: Convex talus glides on concave mortise (roll and slide in opposite directions), Anterior-posterior slide.

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8
Q

Talocrural Joint - Lateral Ligaments

A 
Between the talus and the distal tibiofibular joint. 
Prevent inversion.
Three major ligaments:
- Anterior talofibular ligament
- Posterior talofibular ligament
- Calcaneofibular ligament
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9
Q

Anterior Talofibular Ligament

A

Origin: Lateral malleolus
Insertion: Lateral side of talus

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10
Q

Posterior Talofibular Ligament

A

Origin: Lateral malleolus
Insertion: Posterior side of talus

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11
Q

Calcaneofibular Ligament

A

Origin: Lateral malleolus
Insertion: Calcaneus

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12
Q

Talocrural Joint - Medial Ligaments

A

Between the talus and the distal tibiofibular joint
Prevents eversion.
Deltoid ligament is a group of 4 ligaments:
- Posterior tibiotalar ligament
- Anterior tibiotalar ligament
- Tibiocalcaneal ligament
- Tibionavicular ligament

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13
Q

Posterior Tibiotalar Ligament

A

Origin: Medial malleolus
Insertion: Posterior side of talus

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14
Q

Anterior Tibiotalar Ligament

A

Origin: Medial malleolus
Insertion: Anterior side of talus

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15
Q

Tibiocalcaneal Ligament

A

Origin: Medial malleolus
Insertion: Calcaneus

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16
Q

Tibionavicular Ligament

A

Origin: Medial malleolus
Insertion: Navicular

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17
Q

Which ligaments control abduction of the talus?

A

Tibiocalcaneal ligament

Tibionavicular ligament

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18
Q

Which ligament controls adduction of the talus?

A

Calcaneofibular ligament

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19
Q

Which ligaments control plantarflexion?

A

Anterior tibiotalar ligament

Anterior talofibular ligament

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20
Q

Which ligaments control dorsiflexion?

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A

Posterior tibiotalar ligament

Posterior talofibular ligament

21
Q

Which ligaments control external rotation?

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A

Anterior tibiotalar ligament

Tibionavicular ligament

22
Q

Which ligament controls internal rotation?

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A

Anterior talofibular ligament

23
Q

Agonists and Synergists of Plantarflexion

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A

Agonist: Gastrocnemius and soleus.
Synergist: Tibialis posterior, fibularis longus + brevis, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus.

24
Q

Agonists and Synergists of Dorsiflexion

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A

Agonist muscles: Tibialis anterior.
Synergist muscles: Extensor digitorum longus and
extensor hallucis longus.

25
Subtalar Joint
Composed of three separate talocalcaneal articulations: • Posterior facets of the talus and calcaneus • Anterior facets of the talus and calcaneus • Medial facets of the talus and calcaneus Synovial joint Thin joint capsule surrounding the joint
26
Planes and ROM of the Subtalar Joint
Eversion: Diagonal plane, oblique axis, 18° ROM (less ROM because of the structures). Inversion: Diagonal plane, oblique axis, 25-30° ROM.
27
Arthrokinematics of the Subtalar Joint (OKC) - Inversion
Consider anterior and posterior parts separately. Inversion: Concave anterior calcaneus glides on the convex talus and convex posterior calcaneus glides on the concave talus: - Medial glide (anterior portion) - Lateral glide (posterior portion)
28
Arthrokinematics of the Subtalar Joint (OKC) - Eversion
Eversion: Concave anterior calcaneus glides on the convex talus and convex posterior calcaneus glides on the concave talus: - Lateral glide (anterior portion) - Medial glide (posterior portion)
29
Agonists and Synergists of Eversion
Agonist: Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis Synergist: extensor digitorum longus
30
Agonists and Synergists of Inversion
Agonist: tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior Synergist: flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and extensor hallucis longus
31
Ligaments of the Subtalar Joint
• Interosseous (talocalcanean) ligaments: maintains stability, both at rest and during activity. • Medial talocalcanean ligament: • Lateral talocalcanean ligament: Confer a degree of stability to by holding the talus between the leg and calcaneus. • Posterior talocalcanean ligament
32
Which muscles reinforce the ligamentous support of the subtalar joint?
The fibularis muscles laterally and flexor hallucis longus | medially
33
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint
Synovial joint of the ball and socket variety • The ball: large continuous facet on the head and lower surface of the neck of the talus • The socket: facet for the navicular anteriorly and an anterolateral facet for the anterior part of the calcaneus
34
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint - Ligaments
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligaments Bifurcate ligament - Major elements contributing to stability of the joint together with tibialis posterior. - Resists the tendency of body weight to push the head of the talus inferiorly. Dorsal talonavicular ligament
35
Calcaneocuboid Joint
Between facets on the anterior surface of the calcaneus | and posterior surface of the cuboid.
36
Calcaneocuboid Joint - Ligaments
Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament Bifurcate ligament Long plantar ligament Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament - Major elements contributing to stability - The calcaneocuboid joint receives the body weight transmitted on the lateral part of the longitudinal arch of the foot.
37
Transverse Tarsal Joint
Combination of talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints. With subtalar joint, allows pronation and supination movements allowing the foot to be placed firmly on slanting or irregular surface.
38
Pronation of the Ankle
Eversion + dorsiflexion + abduction Eversion: Frontal plane, Sagittal axis Dorsiflexion: Sagittal plane, Frontal axis Abduction: Transverse plane, Vertical axis Convex-concave rule does not apply!
39
Supination of the Ankle
Inversion + plantarflexion + adduction Inversion: Frontal plane, Sagittal axis Plantarflexion: Sagittal plane, Frontal axis Adduction: Transverse plane, Vertical axis Convex-concave rule does not apply!
40
Tarsometatarsal Joint
Between the distal row of tarsal bones and metatarsal bones. Decreased mobility in the 2nd TMT: most stable of the five TMT. Central stable pillar of the foot. Allows dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion.
41
Metatarsophalangeal Joints
Flexion and extension are the primary movements occurring at the MTP. The concave phalangeal base glides on the convex head of the metatarsals in the same direction as the movement.
42
Interphalangeal joints
Flexion and extension are the primary movements occurring. The proximal and distal concave surface slides in the same direction as the movement.
43
Arthrokinematics - Metatarsophalangeal + | Interphalangeal Joint Flexion
Concave phalangeal bones glide on the | convex metatarsal heads, from posterior to anterior.
44
Arthrokinematics - Metatarsophalangeal + | Interphalangeal Joint Extension
Concave distal phalangeal glides on the convex head of phalanges, from anterior to posterior.
45
Agonists and Synergists of Interphalangeal Joint Flexion
Agonist: Flexor digitorum longum (toes 2-5) and flexor hallucis longus (1st toe) Synergist: Lumbricals, interossei and flexor digiti minimi brevis.
46
Agonists and Synergists of Interphalangeal Joint Extension
Agonist: Extensor digitorum longus (toes 2-5) and extensor hallucis longus (1st toe) Synergist: Lumbricals and extensor digitorum brevis
47
The Windlass Mechanism
Truss (triangle) formed by calcaneus, midtarsal joint and metatarsals (arch of the foot) and plantar aponeurosis/fascia (forms tie-rod/horizontal line). - Vertical forces from body weight travel down the tibia (upper angle of triangle) (flatten medial arch). - Ground reaction forces travel upwards on calcaneus and on metatarsal head (two lower angles of triangle).
48
What prevents the collapse of the truss (triangle) of the windlass mechanism?
The orientation of the vertical and ground reaction forces would cause a collapse of the truss; however, increased plantar- fascia tension in response to these forces maintains the truss's integrity.

Human Movement Science - BPT07 (23 decks)

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