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Joints 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Joint

A
  • where 2 bones meet
  • may be movable or immovable
  • link bones
  • permit effective movement
  • protect soft organs
  • foundation for study of muscle actions
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2
Q

arthrology

A

joint structure, function, and disfunctino

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3
Q

Kinesiology

A

musculoskeletal movement

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4
Q

naming

A

from bones involved

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5
Q

classification

A

manner in which bound

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6
Q

bony/synostosis

A
  • immobile
  • gap between bone ossifies to become one
  • in fibrous/cartilagnious joint
  • Ex: L and R mandibular joints in infants or cranial sutures and first rib and sternum attachment in elderly
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7
Q

Fibrous/synarthrosis

A

adj bones bound by collagen emerging from one bone to penetrate other

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8
Q

sutures

A

-immobile
-dense connective tissue
- collagen binds bones of skull

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9
Q

serrate suture

A
  • interlocking wavy lines
  • ex: sagittal, coronal, lambdoid
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10
Q

lap suture

A
  • overlapping beveled edges
    -ex: temporal and parietal
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11
Q

plane suture

A
  • straight, non-overlapping edges
    -ex: palatine process
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12
Q

gomphosis

A
  • tooth attach to socket
  • collagen fibers attach tooth to jawbone
  • allow for tooth movement under stress of chewing
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13
Q

peridontal ligament

A
  • fibrous
  • holds tooth in socket
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14
Q

syndesmosis

A
  • long collagen fiber bonds 2 bones
  • interosseous membrane joins radius and ulna allows for pronation and supination
  • tibia to fibula less mobile
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15
Q

cartilagnious

A

cartilage links bones

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16
Q

synchondrosis cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • ex: children’s epiphyseal plate or first rib to sternum
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17
Q

symphyses cartilage

A
  • fibrocartilage
    -ex: pubic symphysis w/ interpubic disc or intervertebral disc w/ slight movement btwn adj vertebrae (collective effort of 23 discs gives flexibility)
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18
Q

joint types

A
  • bony/ synostosis
  • fibrous/ synarthrosis
  • cartilagnious
  • synovial
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19
Q

synovial

A
  • 2 bones separated by joint cavity
  • complex and painful if disfunction
  • mobility makes important to QOL
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20
Q

components of synovial joint

A
  • hyaline cartilage covers ends of long bones
  • joint cavity separates articular surfaces
  • Synovial fluid lubricates
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21
Q

Synovial fluid

A
  • viscous
  • albumin and hyaluronic acid rich
  • nourish and remove waste
  • friction free movement
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22
Q

anatomy of synovial joint (9)

A
  • joint capsule
  • outer fibrous capsule
  • inner cellular synovial membrane
  • articular disc
  • meniscus
  • tendon
  • ligament
  • bursa
    -tendon sheath
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23
Q

joint capsule

A

enclose cavity and retain SF

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24
Q

outer fibrous capsule

A

continuous w/ periosteum of adj bones

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25
inner cellular synovial membrane
fibroblast-like cells secrete SF and microphages to remove debris from cavity
26
articular disc
-btwn articulating bone -cross entire joint capsule. -fibrocartilage grew inward from joint capsule -ex: TMJ
27
meniscus
- moon-shaped fibrocartilage extending in from L and R - shock absorption - lubricate and nutrition for joint - stability of knee joint - distribute axial load
28
tendon
- collagen - muscle to bone
29
ligament
-collagen -bone to bone
30
bursa
- fibrous sac filed w/ SF - btwn muscles where tendons pass over bone - cushions muscles so tendons slide over joint easier -modify direction of tendon pull
31
tendon sheath
- elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around tendon - ex: hand or foot
32
Exercise and AC
- cartilage swells and becomes a better cushion - warm up protects cartilage - repetitive compression squeezes waste/fluid out - SF more readily absorbed
33
without exercise
cartilage inadequate nutrition and waste removal so deteriorates more quickly
34
joint
fulcrum
35
muscle
effort
36
resistance
load moved
37
advantages of joints and levers
- more force against resisting obj than force applied to lever -move resting obj farther/faster than effort arm moved -cannot have both (one increase, other decrease)
38
mechanical advantage
output force:input force L effort arm/ L resistance arm
39
MA > 1.0
more force, less speed and distance than input
40
MA < 1.0
more speed and distance, less force than input ex. biceps curl
41
Patella MA
improved extension capacity of quad as movement arm of patellar ligament is increased
42
what contributes to force and speed
- class of lever -fascicle arrangement
43
can levers be changed?
NO, but they can be used more efficiently!
44
1st class lever
-EFR -ex. atlanto-occipital joint btwn muscles on back of neck (effort) and weight of face (resistance)
45
2nd class lever
-FRE -muscle force smaller than resistance force - speed and ROM sacrificed for force - ex. toe raises
46
3rd class lever
- REF - most joints - ex. biceps brachii curl (input effort greater than output load)
47
Range of motion ROM
degrees through which joint can move
48
what is ROM determined by?
- articular surface structures - strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules - muscle and tendon action
49
axes of rotation
-moving bone (stationary axis) passes thru bone in direction perpendicular to plane of movement
50
multiaxial
3 degrees of freedom or axes of rotation
51
sagittal plane
- anterior posterior axis - abduction/ adduction
52
frontal plane
- mediolateral axis - somersault
53
transverse plane
- longitudinal/ vertical axis - side to side or up and down
54
synovial joint movement
- allows large range of movement from contraction and relaxation of muscles - terms in pairs w/ contrasting meanings - movement w/in planes and axes of rotation
55
zero position
- body movement described in relation to anatomical position - movement deviates or returns to it
56
flexion
decrease joint angle (head forward)
57
extension
increase joint angle, return to zero (head back)
58
lateral flexion
bend to R or L at midline
59
hyperextension
extension beyond zero
60
abduction
out, away from midline
61
adduction
in, towards midline
62
circumduction
one end appendage stationary, other in circular motion (rotate arm at wrist)
63
rotation
bone spin on longitunial axis (turn head to sides)
64
supination
forearm palm face up
65
pronation
forearm palm down
66
dorsiflexion
toes toward tibia
67
plantar flexion
toes down, foot planted
68
inversion
soles turned medially (inside edge)
69
eversion
soles turned laterally (outside edge)

Anatomy (4 decks)

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