Muscles

Question 1

Muscles

Answer 1

-600 muscles, half of body weight
- convert chemical energy into ATP

Question 2

Myology

Answer 2

study of muscular system

Question 3

functions

Answer 3

-movement (body parts and contents)
- stability (posture/ joint stabilization)
- control passageways
- heat production
- glycemic control (regulate blood glucose levels as muscles metabolize and store glucose)

Question 4

endomysium

Answer 4

• around each muscle fiber
• provide room for capillaries and nerve fibers
• chem environment for muscle fiber

Question 5

perimysium

Answer 5

• wraps fasicles
• carries nerves, blood vessels, and stretch receptors

Question 6

epimysium

Answer 6

• surround entire muscle
• outer layer that extends deep into muscle to form perimysium

Question 7

fascia

Answer 7

• connective tissue sheet
• separate muscles/muscle groups and subcutaneous tissue

Question 8

Fascicles

Answer 8

bundles of muscle fibers

Question 9

fusiform

Answer 9

thick middle w/ tapered ends

Question 10

Parallel

Answer 10

uniform width, parallel fasicles

Question 11

triangular

Answer 11

broad at one end, narrow at the other

Question 12

circular

Answer 12

rings around body openings

Question 13

pennate

Answer 13

feather shaped

Question 14

unipennate

Answer 14

fasicles approach tendon from one side

Question 15

bipennate

Answer 15

fasicles approach tendon from both sides

Question 16

multipennate

Answer 16

bunches feathers converge to a single point

Question 17

muscle compartments

Answer 17

• functinonally related
• enclosed by fascia
• nerves and blood vessels to supply muscle group
• intermuscular septa separate compartments

Question 18

tendons

Answer 18

• muscle to bone

Question 19

collagen fiber

Answer 19

endo, peri, epi, tendon, periosteum, matrix of bone

Question 20

retinaculum

Answer 20

fascia bands over and under tendons to keep in place

Question 21

intrinsic

Answer 21

within region

Question 22

extrinsic

Answer 22

• acts on region when attachment elsewhere

Question 23

action

Answer 23

effect produced by muscle to produce or prevent movement

Question 24

agonist or prime mover

Answer 24

produce most force during an action

Question 25

synergist

Answer 25

- aids prime mover - modify direction, stabilize joint, or add force

Question 26

antagonist

Answer 26

-oppose prime mover action - contract to prevent excess movement or relax to give prime mover more control

Question 27

agonistic pairs

Answer 27

opposite sides of a joint

Question 28

fixator

Answer 28

prevents movement of bone (rhomboids)

Question 29

extensors

Answer 29

back

Question 30

flexors

Answer 30

front

Question 31

muscle innervation

Answer 31

identity of nerve that stimulates muscle

Question 32

plexus

Answer 32

web network of spinal nerves adj to vertebral column

Question 33

muscular blood supply at rest

Answer 33

1.24 L/ min or 1/4 of the blood pumped by the heart

Question 34

muscular blood supply during heavy exercise

Answer 34

11.6 L/min or 3/4 of blood pumped by the heart

Question 35

fascial muscles

Answer 35

- attach to dermis and subcutaneous tissues - tense skin allows for facial expression - paralysis causes facial sagging

Question 36

mastication

Answer 36

push food between muscles

Question 37

deglutition

Answer 37

food into pharynx for swallowing

Question 38

Biting/chewing

Answer 38

- temporalis - masseter - medial pterygoid - lateral pterygoid

Question 39

suprahyoid

Answer 39

- chew/swallow/ vocalize - mylohyoid: elevate mouth floor begin swallow - digastric: open wide - geniohyoid: depress mand - stylohyoid: elevate hyoid

Question 40

infrahyoid

Answer 40

allows suprahyoid to open mouth, all depress

Question 41

pharynx

Answer 41

drives food to esophagus

Question 42

head flexors

Answer 42

sternocleidomastoid and scalene

Question 43

extensors

Answer 43

trapezius, splenus capitis and semispinalis capitis

Question 44

diaphragm

Answer 44

- muscular dome btwn thoracic and abdominal cavities - flattens during contraction, enlargens into thoracic cavity - relaxation, shrinks into thoracic cavity

Question 45

athletic injuries

Answer 45

- compartment syndrome - rotator cuff - tennis elbow - pulled hamstring or groin

Question 46

compartment syndrome

Answer 46

- indicated by myoglobin in urine - after 6 hours muscles begin to die (permanent) - fascia prevents expansion, this is compromised - fasciotomy is treatment

Question 47

Posterior upper back

Answer 47

- trapezius (stabilize, elevate and depress) - levator scapulae (elevate scapula, flex neck laterally) - rhomboid minor (retract scapula and brace shoulder) - rhomboid major (same as minor)

Question 48

Pectoralis major

Answer 48

flex, adducts, medially rotate humerus

Question 49

latissimus dorsi

Answer 49

adduct and medially rotate humerus

Question 50

deltoid

Answer 50

rotate and abduct arm

Question 51

teres major

Answer 51

extend and medially rotate humerus

Question 52

coracobrachialis

Answer 52

flex and medially rotate arm