Joints Flashcards
1
Q
joint (articulation)
A
site in which two or more bones or cartilages meet
2
Q
How are joints classified?
A
anatomical or functional
3
Q
How are joints anatomically classified?
A
synovial or solid
based on structure - materials that bind bones together, and presence/absence of joint cavity
4
Q
How are joints functionally classified?
A
diarthrosis (freely movable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), or synarthrosis (immovable)
based on range of motion
5
Q
Solid Joints
How are bones held together?
A
by connective tissue
6
Q
Solid Joints
How are solid joints classified?
A
fibrous or cartilaginous
depending on type of connective tissue – dense connective tissue or cartilage
7
Q
Solid Joints
What are the functional classifications of solid joints?
A
amphiarthrosis or synarthrosis
8
Q
Solid Joints - Fibrous
How are bones linked together?
A
by dense connective tissue
9
Q
Solid Joints - Fibrous
What are the 3 types of fibrous solid joints?
A
sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses
10
Q
Solid Joints - Fibrous
What are sutures?
A
joints formed between bones of skull
in early years of life, the bones are held together by thin layer of dense connective tissue that later will be replaced by bony tissue
11
Q
Solid Joints - Fibrous
What are syndesmoses?
A
joint held together by a ligament
bones are connected to each other by membrane or ligament such as middle radioulnar joint
12
Q
Solid Joints - Fibrous
What are gomphoses?
A
‘peg in socket’ joint
formed between roots of teeth and bony socket in maxilla and mandible by an intervening ligament - periodontal ligament (holds tooth in socket)
13
Q
Solid Joints - Cartilaginous
How are bones held together?
A
by cartilage
14
Q
Solid Joints - Cartilaginous
Describe the movement of cartilaginous joints.
A
limited movements
15
Q
Solid Joints - Cartilaginous
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous solid joints?
A
synchondroses
symphases
16
Q
Solid Joints - Cartilaginous
What are synchondroses joints?
A
bones are linked together by hyaline cartilage, such as growth plates of long bones
17
Q
Solid Joints - Cartilaginous
What are symphases joints?
A
bones are connected by fibrocartilage
ie. pubic symphysis
18
Q
Synovial Joints
What are synovial joints?
A
- presence of cavity between bones
- bones are held together by fibrous capsule
19
Q
Synovial Joints
What are the basic features of all synovial joints?
A
- diarthrosis type
- joint capsule
- joint (articular) cavity
- synovial membrane (+ synovial cavity)
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage
20
Q
Synovial Joints
What is the functional classification of synovial joints?
A
diarthrosis
21
Q
Synovial Joints
How are bones held together?
A
by fibrous capsule
22
Q
Synovial Joints
What is the joint capsule?
A
fibrous sleeve-like structure that completely invests the joint and is supported by ligaments
23
Q
Synovial Joints
What is the joint (articular) cavity?
A
space enclosed by joint fibrous capsule
24
Q
Synovial Joints
What is the synovial membrane?
A
special layer of connective tissue that lines internal joint surfaces (except articular surfaces of bones)
25
Synovial Joints
What is the synovial cavity?
space enclosed by synovial membrane
26
Synovial Joints
What is synovial fluid?
Functions?
watery fluid secreted by synovial membrane contained within synovial cavity
- nourishes and lubricates articular cartilage
- facilitates joint movement
27
Synovial Joints
What is articular cartilage?
thin layer of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage that covers articular surfaces of bone
28
Synovial Joints
What are the 4 types of synovial joints?
- non-axial
- uniaxial (or monoaxial)
- biaxial
- multiaxial
29
Synovial Joints - Non-axial
What is the 1 type of non-axial joint?
What function does it perform?
plane (planar or gliding): articular surfaces are almost flat
performs sliding or gliding movements in different directions (ie. intercarpal joints)
30
Synovial Joints - Monoaxial/Uniaxial
What are the 2 types of monoaxial/uniaxial joints?
hinge
| pivot
31
Synovial Joints - Monoaxial/Uniaxial
What are hinge joints?
What function does it perform?
convex pulley shaped articular surface meets a concave articular surface
specifically designed to perform flexion and extension movements (ie. elbow joint)
32
Synovial Joints - Monoaxial/Uniaxial
What are pivot joints?
What function does it perform?
round articular surface fits a relatively shallow concave articular surface
only designed for rotational movements (ie. proximal radioulnar joint)
33
Synovial Joints - Biaxial
What are the 2 types of biaxial joints?
ellipsoid/condyloid
| saddle
34
Synovial Joints - Biaxial
What are ellipsoid/condyloid joints?
What function does it perform?
oval convex articular surface of one bone meets the oval concave articular surface of another bone
for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, or circumduction (ie. metacarpophalangeal joints)
35
Synovial Joints - Biaxial
What are saddle joints?
What function does it perform?
articular surfaces of both bones resemble a saddle
for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, or circumduction (ie. first carpometacarpal joint)
36
Synovial Joints - Multiaxial
What is the 1 type of multiaxial joint?
What function does it perform?
ball and socket: spherical articular surface of one bone fits with cup-shaped articular surface of other bone
for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotations, or circumduction (ie. shoulder joints)
37
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints
What are the 5 structures associated with synovial joints?
- ligament
- bursae
- menisci
- labrums
- intra-articular discs
38
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints
What do structures associated with synovial joints do?
some structures associated with different types of synovial joints function to facilitate movements of soft tissues surrounding the joints, or to support joints
39
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints
What are ligaments?
thick bands of dense connective tissue that join the bones to each other
40
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints
What are the two types of ligaments?
extrinsic ligament - separate
| intrinsic ligament - thickened part of fibrous capsule
41
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints
What are bursae?
small sacs of connective tissue separating the moving structures around the joints
(ie. bursae between skin and joint capsule, or between muscle and joint capsule)
42
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints
What are bursae lined by?
lined by synovial membrane, and filled with synovial fluid
43
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints
What are menisci?
incomplete fibrocartilage rings attached to articular surfaces of tibia to increase joint congruency
44
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints
What are labrums?
fibrocartilage rings attached to circumference of glenoid cavity and acetabulum to enhance their depth
45
Structures Associated with Synovial Joints
What are intra-articular discs?
cushions of fibrocartilage found within joints to absorb shocks and/or increase congruency
46
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
What are the 3 parts where typical vertebrae articulate with each other?
- synovial plane joints between superior and inferior articular processes on each side, zygapophyseal (facet) joints
- symphysis joints between vertebral bodies via intervertebral discs
47
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
What is an intervertebral disc composed of?
composed of nucleus pulposus (centrally located gelatinous substance) surrounded by concentric layers of dense connective tissue (annulzus fibrosus)
48
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
What is the atlanto-axial joint?
synovial pivot joint between anterior arch of atlas (CI) and odontoid process of axis (CII)
49
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
What is the atlanto-occipital joint?
synovial condyloid joints between atlas (CI) and condyles of occipital bone
50
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
What are the 6 ligaments that support vertebral column?
- anterior longitudinal ligament
- posterior longitudinal ligament
- flava ligaments
- interspinous ligaments
- supraspinous ligaments
- nuchal ligament
51
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament?
stretches along anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies
52
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament?
stretches along posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies
53
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
What do flava ligaments do?
join laminae of adjacent vertebrae to each other
54
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Where is the interspinous ligament?
stretches between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
55
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
What does the supraspinous ligament do?
joins tips of spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
56
Joints of the Trunk - VERTEBRAL COLUMN
What is the nuchal ligament?
proximal extension of supraspinous ligament in next region that fans out in sagittal plane to attach to occipital bone
57
Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE
What are the 5 joints?
```
costovertebral joint
sternocostal joint
manubriosternal joint
xiphisternal joint
sternoclavicular joint
```
58
Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE
What is the costovertebral joint?
head of typical rib articulates with vertebral bodies of thoracic vertebra at the corresponding level and the vertebra above
tubercle of a typical rib articulates with costal facet on transverse process of corresponding thoracic vertebra
59
Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE
What is the sternocostal joint?
anterior end of first 7 pairs of ribs articulate with sternum via their costal cartilages
next 3 pairs of ribs articulate with sternum via costal cartilage of 7th rib
60
Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE
What type of joints are costovertebral and sternocostal joints?
synovial planar
EXCEPT first pair of sternocostal joints - which are synchondroses joints
61
Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE
What is the manubriosternal joint?
symphysis joint formed between manubrium and body of sternum
62
Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE
What is the xiphisternal joint?
symphysis joint, formed between body of sternum and xiphoid process
63
Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE
Which joints become ossified with age?
manubriosternal joint
| xiphisternal joint
64
Joints of the Trunk - THORACIC CAGE
What is the sternoclavicular joint?
synovial saddle joint that forms between medial (sternal) end of clavicle and manubrium of sternum
fibrocartilage disc (articular disc) separates the articular surfaces of this joint
65
Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS
What are the 2 joints?
sacoiliac joint
| pubic symphysis
66
Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS
What is the sacroiliac joint?
synovial planar joint formed between auricular surfaces of sacrum and hip bones
67
Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS
What happens to sacroiliac joints with age?
become fibrous
68
Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS
What are sacroiliac joints supported by?
supported by anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments
69
Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS
What is the function of sacroiliac joints?
transfer body weight to lower limbs
70
Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS
What is the pubic symphysis?
symphysis joint formed between pubic parts of right and left hip bones
71
Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS
What is the sacrum and hip bones connected together by?
two strong ligaments – sacrotuberous ligaments and sacrospinous ligaments
72
Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS
Where are sacrotuberous ligaments?
stretched between sacrum and ischial tuberosity of hip bone
73
Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS
What do sacrospinous ligaments do?
connect sacrum to ischial spine of hip bone
74
Joints of the Trunk - PELVIS
What do both sacrotuberous ligaments and sacrospinous ligaments do?
convert the greater and lesser sciatic notches of the hip bones into the foramina
75
Joints of the Skull
What joints articulate all skull bones together?
What is the exception?
sutures
EXCEPT mandible - which articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone to form condyloid synovial joint called temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
76
Joints of the Skull
What divides articular cavity into 2 separate compartments?
articular disc
77
Joints of the Upper Limb
What are the 9 types of joints?
- sternoclavicular joint
- acromioclavicular joint
- glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
- elbow joint complex (composed of 3 joints)
- radioulnar joints (3)
- wrist joint complex (composed of 3 joints)
- caropmetacarpal joint
- metacarpophalangeal joint
- interphalangeal joint (2)
78
Joints of the Upper Limb
What is the sternoclavicular joint?
synovial saddle joint formed between medial (sternal) end of clavicle and manubrium of sternum
- fibrocartilage disc (articular disc) separating articular surfaces of this joint
- only joint that anchors upper limb to axial skeleton
79
Joints of the Upper Limb
What is the acromioclavicular joint?
planar synovial joint that forms between lateral (acromial) end of clavicle and acromion of scapula
80
Joints of the Upper Limb
What supports the acromioclavicular joint?
coracoclavicular ligament
81
Joints of the Upper Limb
What is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
ball and socket synovial joint forms between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
82
Joints of the Upper Limb - Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint
What is the glenoid cavity of scapula surrounded by?
fibrocartilage ring (labrum glenoid), which deepens the cavity for a better congruency with head of of humerus
83
Joints of the Upper Limb
What supports the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
mainly the glenohumeral ligaments (thickened parts of joint capsule)
84
Joints of the Upper Limb
What 3 joints form the elbow joint complex?
- humero-ulnar joint
- humero-radial joint
- proximal radio-ulnar joint
all 3 components are invested by same fibrous capsule
85
Joints of the Upper Limb - Elbow Joint Complex
What is the humero-ulnar joint?
synovial hinge joint formed between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
86
Joints of the Upper Limb - Elbow Joint Complex
What is the humero-radial joint?
What movements does it function in?
synovial condyloid joint formed between capitulum of humerus and superior surface of head of radius
- contributes in flexion and extension with humero-ulnar joint
- takes part in rotational movements with proximal radio-ulnar joint
87
Joints of the Upper Limb - Elbow Joint Complex
What is the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
synovial pivot joint formed between circumference of head of radius and radial notch of ulna
88
Joints of the Upper Limb -Elbow Joint Complex
Describe the 3 joints from a functional POV.
- first 2 components are considered as the elbow joint
| - 3rd component is individual joint
89
Joints of the Upper Limb -Elbow Joint Complex
What is the elbow joint mainly supported by?
thickening of joint capsule on medial and lateral sides (ulnar collateral ligament and radial collateral ligament)
90
Joints of the Upper Limb - Radioulnar Joints
What are the 3 types of radioulnar joints?
- proximal (superior) radioulnar joint
- middle radioulnar joint
- distal (inferior) radioulnar joint
91
Joints of the Upper Limb - Radioulnar Joints
What is the proximal (superior) radioulnar joint?
synovial pivot joint between circumference of head of radius and radial notch of ulna
head of radius is held against radial notch of ulna by annular ligament
92
Joints of the Upper Limb - Radioulnar Joints
What is the middle radioulnar joint?
fibrous syndesmosis joint in which an interosseous membrane connects interosseous borders of ulna and radius
93
Joints of the Upper Limb - Radioulnar Joints
What is the distal (inferior) radioulnar joint?
synovial pivot joint between head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius
94
Joints of the Upper Limb
What does the distal (inferior) radioulnar joint share its capsule with?
shares its capsule with wrist joint
however, its joint cavity is separated from that of the wrist joint by articular disc
95
Joints of the Upper Limb - Radioulnar Joints
What movements do radioulnar joints function in?
all three joints are involved in supination and pronation movements of forearm
96
Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex
What are the 3 joints of the wrist joint complex?
- radio-carpal joint
- midcarpal joint
- intercarpal joint
all these joints are enveloped by same fibrous capsule
97
Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex
What is the radio-carpal joint?
synovial ellipsoid joint formed between distal end of radius and proximal row of carpal bones (except pisiform)
98
Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex
What is the radio-carpal joint supported by?
- medial (ulnar) collateral ligament
- lateral (radial) collateral ligament
- palmar and dorsal ulno-carpal ligaments
- palmar and dorsal radio-carpal ligaments
(stretched between forearm bones and carpals)
99
Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex
What are midcarpal joints?
series of small synovial planar joints formed between proximal and distal carpal bones
100
Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex
What are intercarpal joints?
group of small synovial planar joints between proximal or distal carpal bones
101
Joints of the Upper Limb - Wrist Joint Complex
Describe the joints from a functional POV.
first 2 components are considered as the wrist join
102
Joints of the Upper Limb
What is the first carpometacarpal joint?
synovial saddle joint formed between trapezium and proximal end of first metacarpal bone
103
Joints of the Upper Limb -
What are the rest (all, except the first) of the carpometacarpal joints?
synovial planar joints formed between rest of distal carpal bones and proximal end of medial four metacarpal bones
104
Joints of the Upper Limb
What are metacarpophalangeal joints?
synovial condyloid joints between distal end of metacarpal bones and proximal end of proximal phalanges
105
Joints of the Upper Limb
What are interphalangeal joints?
synovial hinge joints between phalanges
106
Joints of the Upper Limb
What are the 2 types of interphalangeal joints?
proximal interphalangeal joints
| distal interphalangeal joints
107
Joints of the Upper Limb
What are proximal interphalangeal joints?
formed between proximal and middle phalanges
108
Joints of the Upper Limb
What are distal interphalangeal joints?
formed between middle and distal phalanges
109
Joints of the Upper Limb
How many interphalangeal joints does the thumb have?
one - between its proximal and distal phalanges
110
Joints of the Lower Limb
What are the 8 types of joints?
- hip joint
- knee joint
- tibiofibular joint
- ankle (talocrural) joint
- intertarsal joint
- tarsometatarsal joint
- metatarsophalngeal joint
- interphalangeal joint (2)
111
Joints of the Lower Limb - Hip Joint
What is the hip joint?
ball and socket synovial joint formed between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone
112
Joints of the Lower Limb - Hip Joint
What attaches to the rim of acetabulum? Why?
fibrocartilage ring (labrum acetabulum) attaches to rim of acetabulum to depend the cavity for a better congruency with head of femur
113
Joints of the Lower Limb - Hip Joint
What is the round ligament of head of femur?
relatively flat intracapsular ligament that assists in stability of the joint
114
Joints of the Lower Limb - Hip Joint
What is the hip joint supported by?
3 ligaments that are thickened parts of joint capsule - iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral
115
Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint
What are the 2 joints of the knee joint complex?
- medial and lateral tibiofemoral joint: synovial condyloid joint formed between femoral condyles and superior surface of tibial condyles
- patellofemoral joint: synovial planar joint formed between patellar surface of femur and posterior surface of patella
116
Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint
What lies between femoral condyles and tibial plates?
pair of crescent shape fibrocartilage pads (medial and lateral menisci)
117
Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint
What do menisci do?
act as shock absorber and improve congruency between articular surfaces
118
Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint
What supports the knee joint?
4 major ligaments extended between femur and bones of leg
- tibial and fibular collateral ligaments
- anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
119
Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint
What are the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments?
thickenings of the joint capsule that provide side-to-side stability
120
Joints of the Lower Limb - Knee Joint
What are the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments?
intracapsular ligaments that provide anteroposterior stability
121
Joints of the Lower Limb - Tibiofibular Joints
What are the 3 types of tibiofibular joints?
- proximal (superior) tibiofibular joint
- middle tibiofibular joint
- distal (inferior) tibiofibular joint
122
Joints of the Lower Limb - Tibiofibular Joints
What is the proximal (superior) tibiofibular joint?
synovial planar joint between head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
123
Joints of the Lower Limb - Tibiofibular Joints
What is the middle tibiofibular joint?
fibrous syndesmosis joint in which an interosseous membrane connects the interosseous borders of tibia and fibula
124
Joints of the Lower Limb - Tibiofibular Joints
What is the distal (inferior) tibiofibular joint?
fibrous syndesmosis joint between fibula notice of tibia and distal end of fibula
125
Joints of the Lower Limb
What is the ankle (talocrural) joint?
synovial hinge joint formed between distal ends of tibia and fibula and body of talus
126
Joints of the Lower Limb
What provides stability for the ankle (talocrural) joint?
medial (deltoid) and lateral ligaments
127
Joints of the Lower Limb
What is the intertarsal joint?
series of small synovial planar joints formed between tarsal bones
128
Joints of the Lower Limb
What is the tarsometatarsal joint?
synovial planar joints formed between distal group of tarsal bones and proximal ends of metatarsal bones
129
Joints of the Lower Limb
What is the metatarsophalangeal joint?
synovial condyloid joints between distal end of metatarsal bones and proximal end of proximal phalanges
130
Joints of the Lower Limb
What is the interphalangeal joint?
synovial hinge joint between phalanges
131
Joints of the Lower Limb
What are the 2 types of interphalangeal joints?
proximal interphalangeal joint
| distal interphalangeal joint
132
Joints of the Lower Limb
What is the proximal interphalangeal joint?
formed between proximal and middle phalanges
133
Joints of the Lower Limb
What is the distal interphalangeal joint?
formed between middle and distal phalanges
134
Joints of the Lower Limb
How many interphalangeal joints does the big toe have?
one - between its proximal and distal phalanges
