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Muscular System - Upper Flashcards

1
Q

How are head and neck muscles organized?

A

based on location and/or function

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2
Q

Muscles of the Scalp

What is the muscle of the scalp?

A

occipitofrontalis muscle

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3
Q

Muscles of the Scalp

What forms the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

frontal belly + occipital belly connected by epicranial aponeurosis

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4
Q

Muscles of the Scalp

What does the frontal belly do?

A

wrinkles forehead skin, raises eyebrows

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5
Q

Muscles of the Scalp

What is the epicranial aponeurosis?

A

flat tendon – sheet of connective tissue

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6
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

  • origin
  • insertion
  • nerve/innervation
A

O: skull bones

I: skin of face

N: CN VII

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7
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

What does contraction of muscle cause?

A

different facial expressions

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8
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

How are muscles classified? (3)

A
  • muscles around orbital cavity
  • muscles around nasal cavity
  • muscles around oral cavity
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9
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

What is the muscle around the orbital cavity? What does it do?

A

orbicularis oculi – completely surrounds orbit and closes eyelids

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10
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

What is the muscle around the nasal cavity? What does it do?

A

nasalis muscle – bridges over nose and flares the nostrils

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11
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

What is the muscle around the oral cavity? What does it do?

A

orbicularis oris – completely surrounds oral fissure, and closes/purses lips

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12
Q

Muscles of Mastication

What are the 4 muscles?

A

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

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13
Q

Muscles of Mastication

What are all muscles innervated by?

A

mandibular branch/division of CN V

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14
Q

Muscles of Mastication

Masseter

  • origin
  • insertion
  • function
A

O: zygomatic arch

I: ramus of mandible (lateral surface)

F:

  • elevates mandible
  • clenches teeth
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15
Q

Muscles of Mastication

Temporalis

  • origin
  • insertion
  • function
A

O: temporal fossa of skull

I: coronoid process of mandible

F: elevates mandible

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16
Q

Muscles of Mastication

Medial Pterygoid

  • origin
  • insertion
  • function
A

O: sphenoid bone

I: medial surface of ramus of mandible

F:

  • elevates mandible, and moves it side to side
  • contralateral deviation (deviates mandible to opposite side)
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17
Q

Muscles of Mastication

Lateral Pterygoid

  • origin
  • insertion
  • function
A

O: sphenoid bone

I: condyle of mandible, and articular disc of TMJ

F:

  • protrudes mandible, and moves it side to side
  • contralateral deviation (deviates mandible to opposite side)
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18
Q

Extraocular Muscles

How many muscles are there? What do they do?

A

7 muscles that either move eyeball in different directions, OR elevate upper eyelid

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19
Q

Extraocular Muscles

What does the levator palpebrae superioris do?

A

attaches to upper eyelid

elevates superior eyelid
innervated by CN III, IV, VI

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20
Q

Extraocular Muscles

What are the muscles innervated by?

A

CN III, IV, VI

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21
Q

Pharyngeal Muscles

What are the 2 types of muscles?

A

longitudinal muscles

circular muscles

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22
Q

Pharyngeal Muscles

What do longitudinal muscles do?

A

shorten pharynx, and elevate larynx (laryngeal elevators)

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23
Q

Pharyngeal Muscles

What do circular muscles do?

A

constrict pharynx (pharyngeal constrictor muscles)

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24
Q

Pharyngeal Muscles

What are the muscles innervated by?

A

CN X (except stylopharyngeus)

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25
Muscles of Soft Palate - origin (2) - insertion (2)
first group O: base of cranium I: soft palate or second group O: soft palate I: tongue or pharynx
26
Muscles of Soft Palate What does the first group of muscles do?
elevates or stretches soft palate
27
Muscles of Soft Palate What does the second group of muscles do?
depresses soft palate
28
Muscles of Soft Palate What are the muscles innervated by?
CN X (except tensor veli palatini)
29
Muscles of Tongue What are the 2 types of muscles?
intrinsic muscles | extrinsic muscles
30
Muscles of Tongue Intrinsic Muscles - origin - insertion
O: inside tongue I: inside tongue
31
Muscles of Tongue Extrinsic Muscles - origin - insertion
O: soft palate, mandible, styloid process, or hyoid bone I: tongue
32
Muscles of Tongue What are the muscles innervated by?
CN XII (except palatoglossus)
33
Muscles of Larynx What are the 2 types of muscles?
intrinsic muscles | extrinsic muscles
34
Muscles of Larynx Intrinsic Muscles - location - function
stretched between laryngeal cartilages change length or tension of vocal cords during phonation and respiration
35
Muscles of Larynx Extrinsic Muscles - types (2) - function
suprahyoid muscle of the neck: elevate neck infrahyoid muscle of the neck: depress neck
36
Muscles of Larynx What are the muscles innervated by?
CN X
37
Muscles of Neck What are the 2 groups of muscles in the neck?
superficial | deep
38
Muscles of Neck - Superficial What are the 3 superficial muscles?
sternocleidomastoid (SCM) infrahyoid suprahyoid
39
Muscles of Neck - Superficial Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) - origin - insertion - function - nerve/innervation
O: sternum and clavicle I: mastoid process of temporal bone F: unilaterally bends neck towards shoulder, and rotates head contralaterally N: by CN XI
40
Muscles of Neck - Superficial Infrahyoid - origin - insertion - function - nerve/innervation
O: sternum I: thyroid cartilage OR hyoid bone F: depress hyoid bones and larynx N: by ansa cervicalis of cervical plexus
41
Muscles of Neck - Superficial Suprahyoid - origin - insertion - function - nerve/innervation
O: temporal bone OR mandible I: hyoid bone F: elevate hyoid bone and larynx OR depress mandible N: by mandibular division of CN V or CN VII
42
Muscles of Neck - Deep What are the 2 deep muscles?
- scalene (anterior, middle, and posterior) | - prevertebral
43
Muscles of Neck - Deep Scalene (anterior, middle, and posterior) - origin - insertion - function - nerve/innervation
O: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (except CI) I: first or second ribs F: elevate first two ribs OR laterally flex neck N: by anterior rami of some cervical spinal nerves
44
Muscles of Neck - Deep Prevertebral - origin - insertion - function - nerve/innervation
O: upper thoracic or cervical vertebrae I: upper cervical vertebral OR occipital bone F: flex head and neck N: by anterior rami of some cervical spinal nerves
45
What are the 4 types of trunk muscles?
back, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic musculatures
46
Muscles of Back How are muscles classified?
into 3 distinct layers (superficial, intermediate, and deep)
47
Muscles of Back What are the extrinsic back muscles?
superficial and intermediate layers
48
Muscles of Back What are the intrinsic back muscles?
deep layer
49
Muscles of Back - Superficial What do superficial muscles do?
connect upper limbs to trunk, and position pectoral girdle and upper limb
50
Muscles of Back - Superficial What are superficial muscles innervated by?
anterior rami of spinal nerves
51
Muscles of Back - Superficial What are the 5 muscles?
``` trapezius latissimus dorsi levator scapulae rhomboid major rhomboid minor ```
52
Muscles of Back - Superficial Trapezius - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII-TXII I: clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula MA: elevation, depression, and retraction (adduction) of scapula N: CN XI
53
Muscles of Back - Superficial Latissimus Dorsi - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: spinous processes of TVII-LV, sacral and iliac crests I: intertubercular groove of humerus MA: extension, adduction, and medial rotation of shoulder joint N: thoracodorsal nerve
54
Muscles of Back - Superficial Levator Scapulae - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: transverse processes of CI-CIV I: upper part of medial border of scapula MA: elevation of scapula N: dorsal scapular nerve (C5), and C3, C4 spinal nerves
55
Muscles of Back - Superficial Rhomboid Major - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: spinous processes of TII-TV I: medial border of scapula between spine and inferior angle MA: retraction (adduction), and elevation of scapula N: dorsal scapular nerve
56
Muscles of Back - Superficial Rhomboid Minor - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: spinous processes of CVII-TI I: medial border of scapula at spine MA: retraction (adduction) and elevation of scapula N: dorsal scapular nerve
57
Muscles of Back - Intermediate What are the intermediate back muscles?
accessory respiratory muscles
58
Muscles of Back - Intermediate What are the intermediate back muscles innervated by?
anterior rami of spinal nerves
59
Muscles of Back - Intermediate What are the 2 muscles?
serratus posterior superior | serratus posterior inferior
60
Muscles of Back - Intermediate Serratus Posterior Superior - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
MA: elevation of ribs II-V N: anterior rami of T2-T5
61
Muscles of Back - Intermediate Serratus Posterior Inferior - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
MA: depression of ribs IX-XII N: anterior rami of T9-T11
62
Muscles of Back - Deep What are the 3 groups that deep muscles divide into?
erector spinae transversospinalis segmental
63
Muscles of Back - Deep What does the erector spinae group do?
maintain erect position of trunk and neck, and extend and rotate vertebral column
64
Muscles of Back - Deep What does the transversospinalis group do?
maintain erect position of trunk and neck, and extend and rotate vertebral column
65
Muscles of Back - Deep What does the segmental group do?
extends or laterally flexes vertebral column, or elevates ribs
66
Muscles of Back - Deep What are muscles innervated by?
posterior rami of spinal nerves
67
Muscles of Back - Deep What are the 3 muscles in the neck?
splenius capitis splenius cervicis
68
Muscles of Back - Deep Splenius Capitis - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
MA: extension and rotation of head N: posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
69
Muscles of Back - Deep Splenius Cervicis - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
MA: extension and rotation of neck N: posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves
70
Muscles of Back - Deep, Erector Spinae What are the 3 muscles of the erector spinae group?
iliocostalis longissimus spinalis
71
Muscles of Back - Deep, Erector Spinae Iliocostalis - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
MA: extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column N: posterior rami of corresponding spinal nerves
72
Muscles of Back - Deep, Erector Spinae Longissimus - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
MA: extension and lateral flexion of vertebral column and head N: posterior rami of corresponding spinal nerves
73
Muscles of Back - Deep, Erector Spinae Spinalis - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
MA: extension of vertebral column and head N: posterior rami of corresponding spinal nerves
74
Muscles of Back - Deep What are the 3 muscles of the transversospinalis group?
semispinalis multifidus rotatores
75
Muscles of Back - Deep, Segmental What are the 3 muscles of the segmental group?
levator costarum intertransversarii interspinales
76
Muscles of Back - Deep, Segmental Levator Costarum - main action - nerve/innervation
MA: elevation of ribs N: posterior rami of corresponding spinal nerves
77
Muscles of Back - Deep, Segmental Intertransversarii - main action - nerve/innervation
MA: lateral flexion of vertebral column N: posterior rami of corresponding spinal nerves
78
Muscles of Back - Deep, Segmental Interspinales - main action - nerve/innervation
MA: extension of vertebral column N: posterior rami of corresponding spinal nerves
79
Muscles of Thorax What are the 2 types of muscles? Where do they originate and insert?
extrinsic muscles: originate from thorax, and insert to upper limb intrinsic muscles: originate and insert in thorax
80
Muscles of Thorax What are the 4 types of extrinsic muscles?
pectoralis major pectoralis minor serratus anterior subclavius
81
Muscles of Thorax - Extrinsic Pectoralis Major - origin - insertion - main acation(s) - nerve/innervation
O: medial half of clavicle and sternum I: lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus MA: adduction and medial rotation of shoulder joint N: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
82
Muscles of Thorax - Extrinsic Pectoralis Minor - origin - insertion - main acation(s) - nerve/innervation
O: ribs II-V I: coracoid process of scapula MA: protraction (abduction) of scapula N: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
83
Muscles of Thorax - Extrinsic Serratus Anterior - origin - insertion - main acation(s) - nerve/innervation
O: ribs I-IX I: medial border of scapula MA: protraction (abduction) and upward rotation of scapula N: long thoracic nerve (roots of C5-C7)
84
Muscles of Thorax - Intrinsic What do intercostal muscles do?
mainly involved in respiration by increasing/decreasing thoracic cavity volume during inhalation/exhalation
85
Muscles of Thorax - Intrinsic What are the 3 main openings of the diaphragm? What are they passages for?
aortic opening: for passage of aorta, at level of TXII esophageal hiatus: for passage of esophagus, at level of TX inferior vena cava opening: for passage of inferior vena cava, at level of TVIII
86
Muscles of Thorax - Intrinsic What are the 3 intrinsic muscles?
external intercostal internal intercostal diaphragm
87
Muscles of Thorax - Intrinsic External Intercostal - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: inferior border of rib above I: superior border of rib below MA: elevation of rib above N: intercostal nerves (anterior rami of TI-T11)
88
Muscles of Thorax - Intrinsic Internal Intercostal - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: superior border of rib below I: inferior border of rib above MA: depression of rib above N: intercostal nerves (anterior rami of TI-T11)
89
Muscles of Thorax - Intrinsic Diaphragm - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: xiphoid process of sternum, lower 6 ribs, and upper 3 lumbar vertebrae I: central tendon of diaphragm MA: increases volume of (expands) thoracic cavity N: phrenic nerve
90
Muscles of Abdomen What are the 2 types of muscles?
anterolateral wall musculatures | posterior abdominal wall musculatures
91
Muscles of Abdomen What do anterolateral wall musculatures do?
flexes and rotates trunk, and increase abdominal cavity pressure
92
Muscles of Abdomen What do posterior abdominal wall musculatures do?
extends and laterally flexes trunk, or flexes and laterally rotates hip joint
93
Muscles of Abdomen - Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles What are the 4 muscles?
rectus abdominis external abdominal oblique internal abdominal oblique transversus abdominis
94
Muscles of Abdomen - Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles Rectus Abdominis - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: pubic bone and pubic symphysis I: xiphoid process and costal cartilages V-VII MA: compression of abdominal viscera, and flexion of trunk N: anterior rami of T7-T12
95
Muscles of Abdomen - Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles External Abdominal Oblique - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: lower 8 ribs I: iliac crest, pubic bone, and linea alba MA: compression of abdominal viscera, flexion, and contralateral rotation of trunk N: anterior rami of T7-T12
96
Muscles of Abdomen - Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles Internal Abdominal Oblique - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: iliac crest and inguinal ligament I: lower 4 ribs and linea alba MA: compression of abdominal viscera, flexion and ipsilateral rotation of trunk N: anterior rami of T7-L1
97
Muscles of Abdomen - Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles Transversus Abdominus - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and lower 6 ribs I: linea alba MA: compression of abdominal viscera N: anterior rami of T7-L1
98
Muscles of Abdomen - Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles What is aponeurosis?
sheet-like tendon that attaches anterolateral abdominal muscles (except rectus abdominis) to their insertion
99
Muscles of Abdomen - Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles What is the inguinal ligament?
inferior free border of aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle stretched between anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and pubic tubercle
100
Muscles of Abdomen - Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles What is the rectus sheath formed by?
fibrous sheath formed by aponeuroses of external, internal, and transversus abdominis muscle almost complete invests rectus abdominis muscle
101
Muscles of Abdomen - Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles What is the linea alba? What is it formed by? Where it it located?
band of dense connective tissue formed by union of aponeuroses of anterolateral abdominal muscles in midline extends from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
102
Muscles of Abdomen - Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles What is the inguinal canal? What is it formed by? What are the 2 openings? What does it contain?
short oblique canal located parallel and a little above medial half of inguinal ligament formed by and between external, internal and transversus abdominis muscles 2 openings: deep inguinal ring and superficial inguinal ring contains spermatic cord in male, and round ligament of uterus in female
103
Muscles of Abdomen - Posterior Abdominal Wall Muscles What are the 3 muscles?
psoas major iliacus quadratus lumborum
104
Muscles of Abdomen - Posterior Abdominal Wall Muscles Psoas Major - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae and intervening discs I: lesser trochanter of femur MA: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint N: anterior rami of L1-L3
105
Muscles of Abdomen - Posterior Abdominal Wall Muscles Iliacus - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: iliac fossa I: lesser trochanter of femur MA: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint N: femoral nerve
106
Muscles of Abdomen - Posterior Abdominal Wall Muscles Quadratus Lumborum - origin - insertion - main action(s) - nerve/innervation
O: transverse process of LV and iliac crest I: transverse processes of LI-LIV and rib XII MA: extension and lateral flexion of trunk, and fixation of rib XII N: anterior rami of T12-L4
107
Muscles of Pelvis What are the 2 pelvic wall muscles? Where do they originate and insert?
piriformis muscle obturator internus muscle O: pelvic cavity I: femur
108
Muscles of Pelvis Where are perineal muscles?
contained within perineum
109
Muscles of Pelvis - Pelvic Diaphragm What do muscles join to form?
these muscles from left and right sides join together to form muscular funnel-shaped membrane located between true pelvis and perineum
110
Muscles of Pelvis - Pelvic Diaphragm What do levator ani muscles arise from? What do its anterior fibers do? What do its posterior fibers do?
- arises from inner surface of hip bone - anterior fibers merge with fibers of opposite side levator ani - posterior fibers insert to sacrum and coccyx
111
Muscles of Pelvis - Pelvic Diaphragm Where does the coccygeus muscle originate and insert?
O: ischial spine I: coccyx and sacrum
112
Muscles of Pelvis - Pelvic Diaphragm What does the muscle support?
supports pelvic viscera
113
Muscles of Pelvis - Pelvic Diaphragm What are the 2 muscles?
levator ani muscle | coccygeus muscle
114
Muscles of Pelvis - Pelvic Diaphragm What is the muscle innervated by?
branches from sacral plexus
115
Muscles of Pelvis What is the perineum?
diamond-shaped area located inferior to pelvic diaphragm between thighs
116
Muscles of Pelvis What are the boundaries of the perineum?
same as inferior pelvic aperture (outlet) – coccyx (posteriorly), pubic symphysis (anteriorly), and ischial tuberosities (laterally)
117
Muscles of Pelvis What is the perineum subdivided into?
anterior urogenital triangle and posterior anal traingle by horizontal line between ischial tuberosities
118
Muscles of Pelvis What does the urogenital triangle contain?
distal part of urethra, external genitalia, and perineal muscles (except external and anal sphincter)
119
Muscles of Pelvis - Urogenital Triangle What do the main muscles do?
cover root of external genitalia
120
Muscles of Pelvis - Urogenital Triangle What are the 2 main muscles?
bulbospongiosus | ischiocavernosus
121
Muscles of Pelvis - Urogenital Triangle What does bulbospongiosus do?
help in draining last drops of urine (in males), and acts as sphincter for vaginal opening (in females)
122
Muscles of Pelvis - Urogenital Triangle What does ischiocavernosus do?
assist in maintaining erection of penis or clitoris
123
Muscles of Pelvis What does the anal triangle contain?
anal canal surrounded by external anal sphincter muscle
124
Muscles of Pelvis - Anal Triangle What is the muscle? What is it innervated by?
perineal muscle innervated by pudendal nerve

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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