Joints

Question 1

What are joints and what is their primary function

Answer 1

functional connections between the bones of the skeleton and between cartilages
they give the skeleton mobility and hold it together

Question 2

Tendon vs ligament

Answer 2

tendon - muscle to bone

ligament - bone to bone

Question 3

3 structural classifications of joints

Answer 3

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Question 4

3 functional classifications of joints

Answer 4

synarthrosis (no/very little movement)
amphiarthrosis (slight movement)
diarthrosis (freely movable)

Question 5

fibrous joints characteristics

Answer 5

joined by collagen fibres
no joint cavity
little to no movement

Question 6

3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 6

syndesmosis (ligament)
sutures (skull)
gomphosis (peg in socket - aviolar sockets that hold teeth)

Question 7

cartilaginous joints characteristics

Answer 7

joint by cartilage, no joint cavity, little to no movement

Question 8

cartilaginous joint types

Answer 8

synchondrosis (plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones)

symphysis (fibrocartilage unites bones) eg. left and right side of pubic bone

Question 9

synovial joints characteristics

Answer 9

bones separated by a fluid filled cavity

Question 10

synovial joint types

Answer 10

gliding / plane 
hinge
pivot
ellipsoid/condylar
saddle
ball and socket

Question 11

functional types of synovial joints

Answer 11

non axial - slide
mono or unilaxial
biaxial
tri/multiaxial

Question 12

distinguishing features at a synovial joint

Answer 12

articular cartilage - covers ends of bones to prevent damage
joint cavity - actual fluid filled cavity
articular capsule - outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane which produces and secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid
ligaments - from bone to bone to stabilise joint
nerves and blood vessels - sensory input and blood to nourish provide oxygen and dispose of waste
actual bones

Question 13

accessory structures of synovial joints

Answer 13

menisci - fibrocartilage that seperate articular surface of joints to improve fit stabilise joint and reduce tear and wear
fat pads - cushioning between fibrous layer of articular capsule and bone
tendons
bursae - fluid filled sacks the provide protections (bursitis inflammation)

Question 14

what is movement of joints limited by

Answer 14

shape of articulating surface (bones)
menisci and discs
ligaments and the joint capsule (eg. ankle dislocation of soul in or out in is more common as shape of ligaments of lateral foot are more prominent)
muscle action/tendon tension

Question 15

main synovial joints

Answer 15

knee
shoulder 
elbow
hip
jaw
(also ankles)

Question 16

three types of movements

Answer 16

gliding
rotation
angular

Question 17

what are gliding movements and where do they occur

Answer 17

sliding of a flat bone surface over another similar surface
in vertebrae
inter carpal and inter tarsal joints

Question 18

what are some angular/rotation movements

Answer 18

flexion (decrease in angle of two bones in sagittal plane) extension hyperextension
abduction (movement in frontal plane away from body) adduction
circumduction
rotation (lateral and medial)
dorsi and plantar (point) flexion
retraction(shoulders blades together) and protraction
supination (palms forward for soup) and pronation
inversion (foot soul in) and eversion

Question 19

what is a hinge joint and what movement does it allow

Answer 19

cylinder in a trough allows uniaxial movement

so flexion or extension only

Question 20

pivot joints and the movement they allow

Answer 20

axel fits into a sleeve (like the thing that goes in between the holes of the tires to rotate them)
allows uniaxial movement - just rotation
eg. proximal radius and ulnar that allows supination and pronation
atlantoaxial joint between CI and CII that allows head nod

Question 21

condylar vs saddle joints . movement and examples

Answer 21

condylar - oval articular surfaces that fit together eg. metacarpal fillangial joint
saddle - pair of convex and concave surfaces together eg. carpels

both allow flexion extension abduction and adduction (biaxial movement)

Question 22

ball and socket movements and example

Answer 22

spherical head articulates with a cup with varying depth with deeper the cup the less likelihood of dislocation of joint
allow
multiaxial movement - fleixion, rotation, abduction …
eg. hip and shoulder joints

Question 23

common joint injuries

Answer 23

sprains
dislocations (luxations)
cartilage tear

Question 24

what is a sprain

Answer 24

ligaments are stretched or torn which repair slowly due to slow blood supply
(if stretched)
if torn it may require sawing ligaments together or using ligaments from another place of the body (grafting)

Question 25

what is s dislocation

Answer 25

bones forced out of alignment, like to damage ligaments crossing the particular bone as well subluxation - is a partial dislocation some people are more prone to dislocations due to the anatomical features of their joints

Question 26

what is a cartilage tear

Answer 26

when cartilage or joints are compressed or sheered together (sliding) meniscus of knee is common - fragment often cause joint to catch or lock it rarely repairs itself (avascular)

Question 27

sprain vs strain

Answer 27

p - ligaments | t - muscle

Question 28

what is arthritis give two examples | and how many people will suffer from it statistically

Answer 28

a term to describe over 100 types of inflammatory and degenerative diseases that damage joints 1 in 5 will suffer osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis

Question 29

what is osteoarthritis

Answer 29

chronic and degenerative arthritis (wear and tear) cartilage is getting destroyed faster than it is replaced leads to roughened pitted and eroded articular cartilages may form osteophytes which are spurs of bone that cause pain)

Question 30

what is rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 30

chronic and inflammatory autoimmune, against cartilages of tissues starts off as inflammation of synovial membrane overtime cartilage erodes and scar tissue forms scar tissue can ossify (turn into bone) - ankylosis abnormal stiffing of joints due to this

Question 31

what are some treatments for joint degenerations

Answer 31

joint replacements for removal and replacement of damaged or diseased parts of joints common in knee and hip

Question 32

factors that influence synovial joint stability

Answer 32

``` muscle tone and size number and arrangement of ligaments articulating surfaces (fit of bones) ```