Respiratory System Anatomy

Question 1

what blood do pul arteries carry how many are there and how many pul veins

Answer 1

deoxy blood 2 arteries

4 pul veins

Question 2

overview pathway

Answer 2

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
lungs

Question 3

functions of RS

Answer 3

breathing (pulmonary ventilation)
gas exchange
acid balance (CO2 and H+ ions)
air filtration and protection of respiratory tract AND dehydration
vocalisation
olfaction (smell)

Question 4

what two structures are in the upper respiratory tract, what cells and glands (what they produce)

Answer 4

nasal cavity and pharynx
goblet cells that produce mucin
mucus glands that produce lysozymes
this sticky mucous environment aids infighting off pathogens

Question 5

what are the external nares

Answer 5

nostrils

Question 6

purpose of cartilage in nose

Answer 6

prevents it from breaking

since they’re firm but flexible

Question 7

purpose of mucous like inside of nose

Answer 7

captures particles eg. smoke, pathogens

protects respiratory tract

Question 8

what divides the nasal cavity

and what are its two structures

Answer 8

nasal septum (wall between two nostril)
anterior is cartilaginous (more likely to be broken - more flexible)
posterior is bony

Question 9

what is a conchae (what are they) where are they and purpose

Answer 9

bony plater found on lateral walls of nasal cavity that increase the SA of mucous membrane
3 conchae - superior middle inferior

also causes turbulence which slows air down and humidifies it more efficiently

Question 10

three regions of pharynx

Answer 10

nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity begins at internal nares)
oropharynx (behind oral cavity)
laryngopharynx (behind larynx)

Question 11

what are the pharynx walls lined with and what else do they contain - purpose

what does the pharynx continue as

Answer 11

walls lined with mucosa to keep air humid and prevent it from dehydrating,
and skeletal muscle that permit swallowing
pushing the food down into the
esophagus, which is a continuation of the pharynx

Question 12

where is larynx located

Answer 12

anteriorly to the bottom part of pharynx or laryngopharynx (at from of neck) after the flap that separates air for voice in larynx and esophagus continuation of pharynx for food

Question 13

two ligaments of larynx

Answer 13

responsible for sound production by opening and closing vocal folds and controlling their width and tension (happens while we exhale air)

superior - vestibular vocal folds (false vocal cords) - support structures above vocal cords
inferior - vocal folds (true vocal cords) - directly involved in sound production

Question 14

location (where in chest from what vertebrae, and at what location does it burificate) and function of trachea

Answer 14

in mediastinum from C6 to T4/T5 where it bifurcates into primary bronchi at the carina

filter warm and humidify air

Question 15

how many hyaline cartilages in trachea and what to note on their structure

What are they connected by

Answer 15

15 -20 U SHAPED
posteriorly trachealis muscle smooth muscle wall with the oesophagus on the other side - that’s why its important that its not all cartilage as food needs to be pushed down

connected by annular ligaments

Question 16

bronchi vs bronchioles’

what are ‘ lined by

Answer 16

unlike primary, sec and tertiary bronchi which still have hyaline cartilages
bronchioles don’t have them listed have smooth muscle that keeps them open (this is where NS can have an effect on whether they’re constricted or open to facilitate needs - para and sympathetic NS for eg)

lined by columnar cuboidal epithelium (facilitates gas diffusion)

Question 17

list of bronchus pathway from bronchus to avioli

Answer 17

primary bronchus
secondary bronchi - 2 left and 3 right
tertiary bronchi

bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles - attached to these are alveolar ducts and alveoli

Question 18

Boyle’s law and pulmonary ventilation what is it about

Answer 18

pressure of gas increases if volume of container decreases and vice versa
inhalation and exhalation in relation to the expansion of lung space

Question 19

location of lungs

Answer 19

plurocavities on either side of the mediastinum

Question 20

pleura and pleura cavities

Answer 20

sacks where lungs sit with two layers -
visceral pleura - in contact with surface of lung, envelops lung along hilum and inside of thoracic cage as soon as it touches inside it renames to
parietal pleura - covers inside of thoracic cage
these two are the same continual layer but there’s a space between them called plural cavity, where the lungs can expand to when you inhale

on medial side of lung is hilum (whole in the middle back of the lung) where all pul arteries veins, primary bronchus enter and exit lung

VISCERAL PLEURA is insensitive to pain
parietal isn’t
pleural cavities are independent of each other so lung can function if something happens to the other one

Question 21

what is the function of bronchial arteries & veins

Answer 21

supply blood to lung tissue (comes off anterior wall of descending thoracic aorta). component of systemic circuit. supply bronchi and bronchioles as well
veins eventually find their ay back to the superior vena cava through azygous and hemiazygous veins

Question 22

4 accessory muscles for hypereupnea (inspiration)

Answer 22

In addition to diaphragm and external intercostals
scalene - elevate 1st and 2nd ribs
serrates anterior and posterior
pectorals minor and major
sternocleidomastoid attach to clavicle which attaches to thoracic cage and sternum

Question 23

3 muscles for hypereupnea (exhalation)

Answer 23

internal intercostals
external and internal obliques
transversus and rectus abdominis
increase pressure in abdominal cavity pushing air out of thoracic cavity

Question 24

quiet vs forced breathing muscles

Answer 24

exhalation is passive in quiet not in forced

forced uses more muscles in addition to diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 25

epithelium of pharynx differences in the reigons

Answer 25

nasopharynx - pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium oropharynx and laryngopharynx - nonkeratinized stratified epithelium basically oral and larynx region have multiple cells comprising the epithelium in comparison to the nasal one as food passed through them whereas only air passed through nasopharynx

Question 26

what is the larynx anatomically

Answer 26

cartilages and membranes stuck together and suspended by muscles and ligaments it connects the pharynx to the trachea

Question 27

cartilages of larynx (anterior)

Answer 27

``` hyoid bone thyrohyoid membrane suspend from it thyroid cartilage - big cartilage with protrusion at front (Adams apple) cricoid cartilage - batman looking one trachea (cartilage rings) ``` ALL singular cartilages

Question 28

cartilages of larynx (posterior)

Answer 28

epiglottis - elastic cartilage that closes the larynx when we swallow thyroid cartilage and in the middle of it cuneiform - don't ned to remember but doesn't connect to any cartilages just embedded in membrane between epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage arytenoid - two of these, where vocal ligaments attach to on top of arytenoid - corniculate where vestibular ligaments attach cricoid is also at back but like a bigger square this time

Question 29

lobes and fissures of lungs

Answer 29

both are conical with apex pointy bit at top and a concave bottom eating on diaphragm and blunt apex near clavicle right lung - 3 lobes (superior, middle right under it, and inferior most laterally) divided by horizontal and oblique fissure left - 2 lobes (superior is more medial and inferior more lateral) divided by oblique fissure

Question 30

surfaces and borders of lungs

Answer 30

surfaces - medial part of lung where hilum is (this part isn't posterior it sits tilted in chest cavity) - mediastinal (in contact with mediastinum) costal - facing ribs (most lateral surface of medial lung) diaphragmatic - bottom of medial surface facing diaphragm borders - anterior (most medial) posterior (smooth, most lateral) inferior (at bottom of lung)

Question 31

2 subtypes of eupnea (quiet breathing)

Answer 31

diaphragmatic (deep breathing, diaphragm contracts) costal (shallow) - external intercostals contract and elevate the ribs, enlarging thoracic cavity exhalation is passive for both

Question 32

what nerve innervates the diaphragm and external intercostals

Answer 32

phrenic nerve -d | intercostal nerve - EIs