Skeletal system

Question 1

3 planes of the body

Answer 1

frontal
transverse
sagittal mid or para

Question 2

components of skeletal system

Answer 2

adults - 206 bones
ligaments
cartilages

Question 3

functions of the skeletal system

Answer 3

support & protection
movement
storage (fat and minerals)
production of blood cells (matopoesis in bone marrow)

Question 4

what are bones usually classified by, give example of some

Answer 4

shape - long bones (longer than they are wider) felangies
flat - thin flat often but not neccesseraly curved eg. ribs, sternum, scapula (shoulder blades)
short - posterior foot and wrist bones
irregular - pelvis, vertebrae
sesamoid - forms within a tendon eg. patella (knee caps), thumb, big toes

Question 5

bone layers

Answer 5

compact bone - dense outer layer

spongy bone - network of bony honeycomb like tissue called trabeculae when bone is living it’s filled with marrow

Question 6

what membrane covers the outer layer of the compact bone

Answer 6

periosteum

Question 7

what membrane covers the inside portion of compact bone

Answer 7

endosteum (lines walls of trabeculae)

Question 8

where does periosteum not cover

Answer 8

cartridges or where joints articulate

Question 9

long bone structure

Answer 9

diaphysis - long shaft middle region
epiphysis - ends of long bones compact bone external spongy internal
metaphysics - in between (in children - growth plate)

Question 10

what are bone markings what is their function

Answer 10

sites for muscles ligaments and tendons to attach to

Question 11

what are openings in bones. function?

Answer 11

for particular joints to form and structures like nerves and blood vessels to pass through
hole in a bone is also called a foreman

Question 12

what are the two divisions of the musculoskeletal system and how many bones do they consist of

Answer 12

axial - 80

appendicular - 126

Question 13

three regions of axial skeleton

Answer 13

skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage

Question 14

three functions of axial skeleton

Answer 14

form longitudinal axis of body which
support neck head and trunk
protects brain, spinal cord and thoracic organs

Question 15

how many bones and what type and how many regions in vertebral column

Answer 15

26 irregular bones in 5 regions

Question 16

5 regions of vertebral column (from superior to inferior)

Answer 16

1. Cervical - 7 vertebrae
2. Thoracic - 12
3. Lumbar - 5
4. Sacrum - 1 formed from fusion of 5 bones, articulates with hip
5. Coccyx - a set of 4 fused bones

Question 17

primary functions of vertebral column

Answer 17

provide SA for muscle attachment
support and protect spinal cord
position the head
posture

Question 18

2 curates in vertebral column

Answer 18

primary - thoracic and sacral (convex - curves into chest)

secondary - cervical and lumbar (concave - curves into back)

Question 19

what is scoliosis (spine wise)

Answer 19

lateral rotation of spine
most often in thoracic region
angle of spine is greater than 10 degrees to be diagnosed (Cobbs angle)

Question 20

what is kyphosis

Answer 20

abnormal dorsal curvature - candy cane shape

common in individuals with osteoporosis (older and women)

Question 21

what is lordosis or sway back

Answer 21

eventuated lumbar curvature
common in pregnant women shape of vertebral common changes to accomodate baby
usually disappears after birth

Question 22

common features of all vertebrae

Answer 22

anterior body
vertebral arch - posterior
vertebral foreman - opening through which spinal cord travels
spinous process - projection that sticks out posteriorly (spikes on back)
transverse processes - project to left and right. serve as attachment points for muscles in out back

Question 23

characteristic of cervical vertebrae

Answer 23

fairly small oval body
large vertebral foreman
bifid (divided) short spinous process at end (except C7) like a piece sign at the top
C1 atlas, C2 axes - specific ones, coordination between them allows us to bop head yes and no (up, down, left and right)

Question 24

characteristic of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 24

heart shaped body
smaller circular vertebral foreman
large answers processes
facets that allow for articulations (joints) with ribs
spinous process projects slightly interiorly (downwards)
increase in size as you go down the column

Question 25

characteristic of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 25

large oval body for weight bearing (more mass of body above them so more stress on them) slightly triangular vertebral foremen small transverse process short flat spinous process (back muscles) zygapophyseal joints - ones that form in between each vertebrae joints align more vertically than in cervical region - decreased flexibility in that area

Question 26

characteristic of sacral and coccyx vertebrae

Answer 26

articulates with pelvic girdle via sacroiliac joint 3-5 fused vertebrae that fuse late in adulthood

Question 27

what stops the vertebrae from touching and what are their 2 regions and their anatomy

Answer 27

intervertebral discs - cousin like disks that act as shock absorbers nucleus pulposus - inner gelatinous nucleus structure (elastic) anulus fibrosus - outer region of collagen and fibrocartilage (stiffer connective tissues) that limit the expansion of the nucleus pulposus THESE ARE THE DISKS WITH GEL IN THE MIDDLE THAT LEAKS OUT THAT WE TALKED ABOUT IN MANUAL HANDLING

Question 28

what is the thoracic cage comprised of

Answer 28

posterior thoracic vertebrae anterior sternum and costal cartilages 12 pairs of ribs laterally 1-7 are true ribs, 8-12 are false as they don't directly articulate with the sternum (connect to)

Question 29

functions of thoracic cage

Answer 29

protect vital organs such as lungs and heart supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs attachment sites for muscles in neck, back, chest and shoulders

Question 30

how many bones in upper limbs what are some ones you need to know

Answer 30

30 arm - humorous forearm - radius and ulna hand - 8 carpal (wrist), 5 metacarpal (palm), 14 phalanges (fingers)

Question 31

anatomy of humorous

Answer 31

head anatomical neck under it surgical neck that's more likely to break towards elbow is medial and lateral epicondyle attatchment sites for ligaments that protect our elbow from dislocation

Question 32

anatomy of radius and ulna

Answer 32

articulate with humorous to form elbow joint, also with each other (proximal radioulnar joint) also a distal one interosseous membrane - sheet of connective tissue that attaches them to each other along their length

Question 33

two main bones of pelvic girdle

Answer 33

coxal and sacrum form hip girdle | coxal is actually 3 fused bones - ilium, pubis, ischium

Question 34

primary functions of pelvic girdle

Answer 34

attach lower limbs to axial skeleton transmit weight support organs in region (less mobile and more stable region)

Question 35

difference between female and male pelvis

Answer 35

female - thinner and smaller but broader cavity thats tilted forward oval shaped male - thicker narrower heart shaped

Question 36

lower limbs you need to know

Answer 36

``` thigh - femur (patella) leg - tibia and fibula foot - 7 tarsals (posterior foot) 5 metatarsals - midfoot 14 phalanges ```

Question 37

femur and patella characteristics

Answer 37

patella posterior smooth anterior more rough femur neck, head, lateral and medial epicondyles (attachments for ligaments and tendons)

Question 38

tibia and fibula characteristics

Answer 38

tibia is larger articulates directly with femur fibula is not weight bearing bone interosseous membrane between them

Question 39

what is pott's fracture

Answer 39

distal end of tibia fibula or both

Question 40

bones in foot

Answer 40

``` tarsals upper hind foot - largest are calcareous (heel) achelis tendon inserts in here and talus (big flatish bone on top of foot) ``` metatarsal - mid foot bones phalanges

Question 41

three main cells in bones and their purpose

Answer 41

osteoblasts - bone formation osteoclasts - bone resorption (degradation) osteocytes - sensor stress ad strain, monitor and maintain bone (osteoblasts and clasts)

Question 42

age related changes in bone

Answer 42

children and adolescent - bone formation > resorption young adults - BF = R adults - BF < R

Question 43

when do bones in the foetus begin to ossify (become bone from cartilage)

Answer 43

at about 8 weeks

Question 44

what is osteomalacia

Answer 44

bones are poorly mineralised in adults which leads to soft weak bone and pain

Question 45

what is rickets

Answer 45

bone deformities in children caused by vitamin D or calcium deficiencies leads to weak soft bones and pain

Question 46

what is heamatopoiesis

Answer 46

formation of reed blood cells in bone marrow

Question 47

what are zygapophyseal joints

Answer 47

ones that form in between each vertebrae