joints Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
joint
A
point of contact between:
- 2 bones
- bone and cartilage
- bone and teeth
2
Q
4 characteristics of joints
A
- Gives skeleton mobility & holds it together
- Degree of mobility varies greatly
- All joints need to be relatively stable
- Ligaments help provide stability & muscles provide movement
3
Q
Tendons are between
A
bone and muscle
4
Q
ligaments are between
A
bone and bone
5
Q
enthesis
A
is connective tissue between tendon/ligament and bone
6
Q
2 types of enthesis
A
- Fibrocartilagenous Enthesis
2. Fibrous Enthesis
7
Q
Enthesopathy
A
disorder involving attachment of tendon/ligament to a bone
8
Q
fibrocartilagenous
A
Tendon/ligament is inserted close to joint space (thus is kinked). Thus angle (kink) of tendon/ligament adjacent to joint creates pressure on deeper layer of enthesis.
9
Q
fibrous enthesis
A
- Tendon/ligament is not inserted close to joint space (thus not kinked and therefore no compressive forces).
- Mechanical forces acting on fibrous enthesis are less complex
- Inserted into midshaft of long bones.
10
Q
4 structural classification
A
- fibrous joints
- cartilaginous joint
- synovial joint
- bony fusion/facet joints
11
Q
functional classification
A
- synarthroses
- amphiarthroses
- diarthroses
12
Q
fibrous joints
A
connected by dense connective tissue (mainly collagen)
13
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
connected by cartilage
14
Q
synovial joints
A
separated by cartilage and lubrication (synovial fluid), joint by ligaments
15
Q
bony fusion/facet joints
A
bony connection between bones
16
Q
synarthroses
A
immovable joints
17
Q
amphiarthroses
A
slightly moveable joints
18
Q
diarthroses
A
freely moveable joints
19
Q
4 characteristics of fibrous joints
A
- lack synovial cavity
- partially movable
- united by: ligament or sheet of fibrous tissue
- degree of movement determined by length of fibrous material between bones
20
Q
3 fibrous joints united by ligament or sheet of fibrous tissue?
A
- sutures
- syndesmosis
- gomphosis
21
Q
fibrous joints- synostosis
A
- bones are tightly bound by a small amount of fibrous tissue
- only example of this is sutures between cranial bones
22
Q
fxn of fibrous joints- synostosis
A
allow bone growth so skull can expand with the brain during childhood
23
Q
fibrous joints- syndesmosis
A
bones are connected exclusively by ligaments
24
Q
fibrous joints- syndesmosis:
amount of movement depends on length of fibers. Example of immoveable synarthrosis
A
distal tibio-fibular joint
25
fibrous joints- syndesmosis:
| amount of movement depends on length of fibers. Example of freely moveable diarthrosis
interosseous membrane between ulna and radius
26
fibrous joints- gomphoses
refers to the way teeth are embedded in their sockets
27
the only example of fibrous joints- gomphoses is
the articulation of a tooth with its bony alveolar socket
28
cartilaginous joint
articular bones held together by hyaline/fibrous cartilage (lack joint cavity)
29
2 types of cartilaginous joints
1. synchondrosis (primary cartilaginous)
| 2. symphysis (secondary cartilaginous)
30
6 characteristics of synchondrosis ( primary cartilaginous)
1. no synovial cavity
2. bones connected by hyaline cartilage
3. permits little movement
4. permits growth in bone
5. temporary unions
6. ossifies during adulthood
31
symphysis (secondary cartilaginous) 4 characteristics
1. no synovial cavity
2. bones covered with hyaline BUT CONNECTED BY FIBROCARTILAGINOUS JOINT
3. slightly movable joint
4. have flexibility, strength and shock absorption
32
cartilaginous joints - synchondrosis primary : hyaline cartilage unites bones. Give 5 examples
1. femur head and pelvic acetabulum
2. between ossification centers e.g. epiphyseal plate
3. 1st sterno-costal joint
4. xiphisternal joint
33
Cartilaginous Joints – Symphyses/Secondary: Hyaline cartilage – cover bone as articular cartilage
Fibrocartilage connect bones – resists tension & compression (shock absorbing)
Slightly movable joints that provide strength with flexibility.
4 examples
1. Intervertebral joints between vertebral bodies
2. Manubri-sternal joint
3. Sacro-coccygeal joint
4. Pubic symphysis
34
synovial joints
united by joint capsule - spanning & enclosing articular cavity. Cartilage have no blood supply – thus fed by synovial fluids (only when joint is used)
35
synovial joints contain 3 things
1. Capsule surrounds joint – outer fibrous, inner synovial membrane
2. Articular space = potential space = fluid-filled synovial cavity
3. Articular surfaces = covered with hyaline cartilage
36
synovial joint structure:
1. Articular capsule
Joint cavity is enclosed in a two-layered capsule......
1. Fibrous capsule
- outer dense irregular connective tissue
- continuous with periosteum
- F = strengthens joint so that bones are not pulled apart
2.Synovial membrane
-inner loose connective tissue
-F = internally lines joint capsule
covers internal joint surfaces that is not cartilage
= Functions to make synovial fluid
37
General structure of Synovial Joints
2. Articular space
= cavity with potential space = fluid-filled synovial cavity.
Explain the 2 parts
1.Joint cavity (synovial cavity) (Unique characteristic)
2. Synovial fluid
- A viscous fluid similar to raw egg white
- A filtrate of blood
- Arises from capillaries in synovial membrane
- Contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by fibroblasts
38
General structure of Synovial Joints:
3. Articular surfaces
= covered with hyaline cartilage. Explain articular cartilage
- Ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
| - Function= absorbs compression
39
5 Structures Associated with Synovial Joint
1. Reinforcing (accessory) ligaments
2. Menisci (fat pads)
3. Tendon sheath
4. Fibers
- Some fibrous capsules are arranged in parallel bundles called ligaments (intrinsic)
5.Bursae
40
menisci
Articular cartilaginous discs = protect against wear, shock & trauma – only in knee
41
tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around tendon subjected to friction
42
bursae 5 characteristics
1. Not actually part of joint
2. Lined with synovial membranes
3. Filled with synovial fluid
4. Flattened “bags/sacs” with thin film of synovial fluids
5. Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
43
Example of Synovial Joints=
Articulation between femur and tibia:
explain the structure with 3 statements
1. Condyles of femur articulate with flat condyles of tibia BUT still maintain joint stability
2. Cartilage menisci between condyles of femur & tibia
3. Joint is further stabilised by strong ligaments inside & collateral to joint
44
6 types of synovial joints
1. hinge joint
2. saddle joint
3. gliding/plane joint
4. ball and socket
5. pivot/ellipsoid/atlantoaxial
6. condyloid joints
45
2 examples of plane/gliding joints
1. Acromioclavicular joint
| 2. Sternoclavicular
46
5 examples of hinge joints
Temporomandibular / elbow / knee / ankle / toe
47
example of saddle joint
Carpometacarpal joint [thumb]
| CMC
48
3 examples of condyloid joints
1. Atlanto-occipital
2. Radiocarpal (wrist)
3. Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)
49
4 examples of ball and socket
S-shoulder
H-hip
I- incudostapedial
T-talonavicular
50
example of pivot/ellipsoid/atlatoaxial joint
between C1 and dens of C2
51
5 characteristics of plane/gliding joint
1. Sliding of one bone over other
2. Smooth flat surface of bones
3. Single plane
4. Movement limited by capsule
5. Nearly always small
52
4 characteristics of hinge joints
1. Flexion and extension
2. Movement in one plane around a single axis [uniaxial joint] like door opening
3. Capsule is thin
4. Joint strengthen by laterally placed ligaments [collateral ligaments]
53
4 characteristics of saddle joints
1. Abduction + adduction + flexion + extension
2. Movements around two axes and at right angles to each other [biaxial joint]
3. Circumduction
4. Movement in two planes = sagittal & frontal (move back & fro or side to side)
54
4 characteristics of condyloid joints
1. Abduction + adduction + flexion + extension
2. Movements around two axes and at right angles to each other [biaxial joint]
3. Circumduction
4. Movement in two planes = sagittal & frontal (move back & fro or side to side)
55
3 characteristics of a ball and socket joint
1. Movement in multiple axis
2. Abduction + adduction + flexion + extension+ medial and lateral rotation +circumduction
3. Multi-axial joint
56
3 characteristics of a pivot/ellipsoid/atlantoaxial joint
1. Movement in multiple axis
2. Rotation of one bone around another
3. Multi-axial joint
57
4 types of movement allowed by synovial joints
G-gliding movements translational)
A-angular
R-rotation
S-special
58
examples of angular movement that synovial joints allow 2 main types
1. flexion, extension, hyperextension,
| 2. abduction, adduction, circumduction.
59
4 examples of special movements that synovial joints allow
1. Elevation, depression
2. protraction, retraction
3. inversion, eversion
4. supination, pronation and opposition.
60
4 examples of joint diseases
1. osteoporosis
2. rickets
3. osteoarthritis
4. inflammatory joint diseases
61
4 examples of inflammatory joint diseases and what causes them
1. Rheumatoid arthritis :excessive amount of enzyme [synovial],
2. Ankylosing spondylitis: inflammatory disease of the tendons that link vertebrae together
3. Sjogren’s syndrome: joint symptoms, dry eyes and insufficient salvia [immune system attacks moisture-producing glands
4. Lupus: autoimmune disease
62
rickets is caused by
excessive phosphate excretion by the kidney
63
osteoarthritis cause and what is it
genetic component –more common in women – forming of osteophytes = loss of joint function
