lect 1

Question 1

6 fxns of bones

Answer 1

1. Support soft tissues
2. Protect vital organs
   - CNS in skull
   - Thoracic contents in chest
3. Contains bone marrow
   - Produce new blood cells – haemopoiesis
4. Reservoir/Storage of minerals/salts (Ca++, PO4)
   - To maintain constant concentrations in body fluids
5. Mechanical basis for movement - Allows body to move
6. Endocrine regulation

Question 2

4 fxns of cartilage

Answer 2

1.Strong but flexible supporting tissue
prevents collapse of airways (e.g. tracheal C-rings)
2.Provides smooth articulation surfaces in joints
allows sliding against it
3.Serves as cushions between the bodies of vertebrae
”shock absorbers”
4.Development & growth of long bones
Determine size and form of most bones (form template for growth in length– by endochondral bone forming)

Question 3

5 classifications of bones and some examples

Answer 3

1. Long bone (e.g femur, humerus)
2. Flat bone (e.g. cranial bones, sternum)
3. Short bone (e.g. carpals/metacarpals, phalanges=at joints)
4. Irregular bone (e.g. vertebrae)
5. Sesamoid bone(e.g. patella = in tendons)

Question 4

Fxn of the long bone

Answer 4

sustain weight and form lever system (with muscles) for movement

Question 5

epiphysis

Answer 5

proximal and distal ends of long bones. (spongy bone & thin cover of compact bone

Question 6

epiphyseal plate

Answer 6

cartilage separating the metaphysis from epiphysis

Question 7

diaphysis

Answer 7

shaft of bone.

• central marrow cavity
• cortex of compact bone
• spongy bone (on inside of compact bone)

Question 8

metaphysis

Answer 8

Wider part at end of long bone, next to epiphysis

Question 9

fxn of flat bones

Answer 9

offers protection & provide wide are for muscle attachment

Question 10

flat bone

Answer 10

• consists of 2 layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between
• some parts are thin and those parts may consist of compact bone only

Question 11

body lies prone means

Answer 11

face down, on ventral side

Question 12

body lies supine

Answer 12

face up, on dorsal side

Question 13

Frankfort horizontal planes what is it and what are the planes

Answer 13

• standard craniometric reference plane
• skull is orientated that inferior margin of orbit and superior margin of external acoustic meatus of both sides lie in same horizontal plane.

Question 14

proximal

Answer 14

towards trunk

Question 15

distal

Answer 15

further from trunk

Question 16

ipsilateral

Answer 16

same side of the body as another structure

Question 17

contralateral

Answer 17

opposite side of the body relative to another structure

Question 18

example of contralateral

Answer 18

a stroke involving the right side of the brain may cause contralateral paralysis of the left leg

Question 19

mudfix

Answer 19

relative terms for location are often used in combination since most structures are not related only in a single dimension

Question 20

mudfix term for the nipple to the umbilicus

Answer 20

superolateral

Question 21

name the 6 long bones (there is 2 of each)

Answer 21

1. humerus
2. ulna
3. radius
4. femur
5. tibia
6. fibula

Question 22

3 examples of flat bones

Answer 22

1. cranial bones
2. 2 x scapula
3. 2x os coxae

Question 23

3 examples of short bones

Answer 23

1. metacarpals
2. metatarsals
3. phalanges

Question 24

fxn of short bones

Answer 24

Present where compactness, elasticity and limited motion are required.
Designed for strength not mobility

Question 25

4 examples of irregular bones

Answer 25

1. vertebrae 2. carpals 3. tarsals 4. cranial bones

Question 26

fxn of irregular bones

Answer 26

present where compactness, elasticity and limited motion are required

Question 27

example of a sesamoid bone

Answer 27

patella

Question 28

sesamoid bone

Answer 28

a short bone embedded within a tendon/joint capsule

Question 29

fnx of sesamoid bones

Answer 29

present in tendons-enhancing mechanical advantage of lever arm in leg

Question 30

6 types of depressions (indentation) or openings

Answer 30

1. foramen 2. meatus 3. fissure 4. fossa 5. groove/sulcus 6. notch

Question 31

foramen

Answer 31

a round hole for vessels, nerves and ligaments

Question 32

meatus

Answer 32

a tube like channel in a bone

Question 33

fissure

Answer 33

a narrow slit through a bone for blood vessels and nerves to pass

Question 34

fossa

Answer 34

a shallow depression in/on a bone at a joint

Question 35

groove/sulcus

Answer 35

elongated depression/furrow that houses nerves, blood vessels or tendons

Question 36

notch

Answer 36

indentation of the edge of a bone

Question 37

the names of 6 types of processes that form joints

Answer 37

1. condyle 2. epicondyle 3. head 4. capitulum 5. facet 6. trochlea

Question 38

the 10 types of attachment processes (first 4 from largest to smallest)

Answer 38

1. trochanter 2. tuberosity 3. tubercle 4. protuberance 5. spine 6. process 7. spinous process 8. crest 9. line 10. malleolus

Question 39

condyle

Answer 39

knuckle like, large rounded prominence

Question 40

epicondyle

Answer 40

eminence (prominence) superior to condyle

Question 41

head

Answer 41

- a large, rounded prominence that forms a joint. | - on neck of a bone

Question 42

capitulum

Answer 42

small articular head

Question 43

facet

Answer 43

smooth, flat articulated surface (covered with cartilage)

Question 44

trochlea

Answer 44

spool-like articular process pulley | spool is what thread is on

Question 45

trochanter

Answer 45

large blunt projection only on femur

Question 46

tuberosity

Answer 46

large rounded projection (smaller than trochanter) with rough surface to which ligaments/ tendons/muscle attaches

Question 47

tubercle

Answer 47

smaller rounded projection/raised eminence

Question 48

protuberance

Answer 48

forward projection of bone

Question 49

spine

Answer 49

slender, pointed process

Question 50

process

Answer 50

any bony prominence

Question 51

spinous process

Answer 51

sharp, slender projection

Question 52

crest

Answer 52

a prominent border or ridge

Question 53

line

Answer 53

linear elevation

Question 54

malleolus

Answer 54

rounded process