Joints and the Integumentary System

Question 1

Describe the structure of compact bone

Answer 1

Compact bones consists of bone cells called osteocytes arranged in rings of densely packed matrix

Question 2

Define spongy bone and its characteristics

Answer 2

Spongy bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone, consisting of plates and bars of bone adjacent to small irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow

Question 3

Identify the three types of skeletal joints and their movement capabilities

Answer 3

1. Fibrous joints - fixed, no movement (e.g. skull)
2. Cartilaginous joints - slight movement (e.g. spine, ribs)
3. Synovial joints - freely moveable (e.g. kip, knee, elbow)

Question 4

How do synovial joints differ from fibrous and cartilaginous joints?

Answer 4

Synovial joints are freely moveable, while fibrous joints are fixed and cartilaginous joints allow only slight movement

Question 5

Describe the components of a synovial joint

Answer 5

A synovial joint includes bone, muscle,
tendon, ligament, hyaline cartilage, synovial
fluid, synovial membrane, and a fibrous joint capsule

Question 6

What role do ligaments play in synovial joints?

Answer 6

Ligaments join bone to bone and stabilize the
joint

Question 7

Analyse the adaptations of the integumentary system in different species

Answer 7

The integumentary system includes
components like skin and feathers, which
have adaptations specific to the needs of
different species.

Question 8

Identify the main components of the integumentary system

Answer 8

The integumentary system includes skin, hair,
nails, and different types of feathers.

Question 9

How does cartilage function in cartilaginous joints?

Answer 9

Cartilage acts as a good shock absorber in
cartilaginous joints, allowing slight
movement.

Question 10

Define osteocytes and their role in bone structure

Answer 10

Osteocytes are living bone cells that make up
10% of bone structure, playing a crucial role
in maintaining bone tissue.

Question 11

Describe the function of hyaline cartilage in joints

Answer 11

Hyaline cartilage reduces friction and acts as
a shock absorber.

Question 12

Define the fibrous joint capsule

Answer 12

The fibrous joint capsule is an envelope
around the synovial joint.

Question 13

How does the synovial membrane contribute to joint function?

Answer 13

The synovial membrane produces synovial
fluid.

Question 14

What is the role of synovial fluid in joints?

Answer 14

Synovial fluid lubricates the joint.

Question 15

Identify the types of joints that are classified as ball and socket

Answer 15

Ball and socket joints include the hip and
shoulder

Question 16

List the joints classified as hinge joints

Answer 16

Hinge joints include the elbow and knee

Question 17

Explain the pivot joint and provide an example

Answer 17

A pivot joint allows for the rotation of one
bone around another, such as the atlas and
axis in the neck

Question 18

Describe the condyloid joint and its location

Answer 18

Condyloid joints are found in the wrist and
phalanges

Question 19

What are gliding joints and where can they be found?

Answer 19

Gliding joints are found between tarsals or
carpals

Question 20

Identify the location of saddle joints

Answer 20

Saddle joints are located between the thumb
and metacarpal

Question 21

Define the flexion in terms of joint movement

Answer 21

Flexion is movement that decreases the angle
between two body parts

Question 22

What is extension in joint movement?

Answer 22

Extension is movement that increases the
angle between two body parts

Question 23

Explain abduction in the context of joint movement

Answer 23

Abduction is a movement away from the
midline

Question 24

Define adduction in terms of joint movement

Answer 24

Adduction is a movement towards the
midline

Question 25

Describe the movements associated with hinge joints

Answer 25

Hinge joints allow for flexion and extension

Question 26

What movements are allowed by pivot joints?

Answer 26

Pivot joints allow for the rotation of one bone around another

Question 27

List the movements permitted by ball and socket joints

Answer 27

Ball and socket joints allow for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and internal + external rotation

Question 28

What movements can condyloid joints perform?

Answer 28

Condyloid joints allow for flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction

Question 29

Describe the movement capabilities of saddle joints

Answer 29

Saddle joints allow for most movements apart from rotation

Question 30

What type of movements do gliding joints facilitate?

Answer 30

Gliding joints facilitate gliding movements

Question 31

Define the integumentary system

Answer 31

The integumentary system includes the skin, glands, feathers, hair/fur, nails, claws, horns, and antlers

Question 32

Describe the primary functions of the skin

Answer 32

The skin protects underlying tissues, provides waterproofing, aids in excretion and temperature regulation, contains sensory receptors, and serves as tools for grasping, fighting, and sexual display

Question 33

Define the three layers of the skin and their functions

Answer 33

The three layers of the skin are: 1) Epidermis- the waterproof outer layer that keeps pathogens out and gives skin its color; 2) Dermis - the middle layer containing hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, and glands for temperature regulation; 3) Hypodermis - the subcutaneous layer made of connective tissue with fat for insulation and shape

Question 34

How does the epidermis contribute to skin health?

Answer 34

The epidermis acts as a waterproof barrier that protects the body from pathogens and helps maintain skin elasticity and color

Question 35

Explain the role of the dermis in the skin's structure

Answer 35

The dermis is the middle layer of skin that contains essential structures such as hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, and glands, which are crucial for regulating body temperature and providing sensation

Question 36

What is the function of the hypodermis?

Answer 36

The hypodermis, or subcutaneous layer, is made of connective tissue and fat, providing insulation, shape, and cushioning for the body

Question 37

Describe the types of skin glands and their secretions

Answer 37

Skin contains different exocrine glands: Sudoriferous glands secrete sweat for cooling; Sebaceous glands secrete sebum to lubricate hair and skin; Ceruminous glands are specialized sudoriferous glands that secrete ear wax

Question 38

How do hair follicles contribute to skin function?

Answer 38

Hair follicles are responsible for producing hair, which provides insulation and protection, and they also house sensory receptors that enhance tactile sensation

Question 39

What is the significance of sensory nerve endings in the skin?

Answer 39

Sensory nerve endings in the skin are crucial for detecting touch, temperature, pain, and pressure, allowing the body to respond to environmental stimuli.

Question 40

Explain the role of sweat glands in temperature regulation

Answer 40

Sweat glands, particularly sudoriferous glands, help regulate body temperature by secreting sweat, which cools the body through evaporation.

Question 41

Define the structure and function of sebaceous glands

Answer 41

Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands in the skin that secrete sebum, an oily substance that keeps hair and skin lubricated and prevents dryness.

Question 42

How does the arrector pili muscle affect hair follicles?

Answer 42

The arrector pili muscle contracts in response to cold or fear, causing hair follicles to pull hair upright, which can create goosebumps and trap air for insulation.

Question 43

Describe the composition of hair

Answer 43

Hair is primarily made of keratin, a fibrous protein that provides strength and structure.

Question 44

What are the differences between guard hairs and downy hairs?

Answer 44

Guard hairs are longer and coarser, providing protection, while downy hairs are dense, fine, and soft, lying close to the skin to form an insulating undercoat.

Question 45

Describe the role of guard hair in animals

Answer 45

Guard hair consists of coarser, thicker, and longer hairs that make up the top coat, helping to prevent injuries to the skin and influencing the animal's appearance.

Question 46

How do downy hairs relate to guard hairs in animals?

Answer 46

Each guard hair is surrounded by 6-12 downy hairs, which provide insulation and additional protection.

Question 47

Define the structure of nails in animals

Answer 47

A nail matrix forms on top of the dermis, and the root of the nail grows from a thick layer of this matrix.

Question 48

Describe the function of feathers in birds

Answer 48

Feathers aid in stealth, display, avoiding predation, and walking. They can help some species fly silently, attract mates, distract predators, and provide traction on snow.

Question 49

Define contour feathers and their purpose

Answer 49

Contour feathers give the bird its shape and color, and they can also help with insulation.

Question 50

How do down feathers contribute to a bird's survival?

Answer 50

Down feathers are small, soft, and fluffy, trapping air in an insulating layer to keep birds warm.

Question 51

Explain the role of semiplume feathers

Answer 51

Semiplume feathers are found underneath contour feathers and are used primarily for insulation.

Question 52

What is the function of flight feathers?

Answer 52

Flight feathers are located on the wings and tails, providing strength for flight and are responsible for thrust, lift, and control, as well as sometimes being used in courtship.

Question 53

Describe the location and function of bristle feathers

Answer 53

Bristle feathers are found on the head around the eyelids, nares, and mouth, serving a sensory and protective function similar to eyelashes, and they help funnel food into the mouth.

Question 54

How do filoplume feathers assist birds?

Answer 54

Filoplume feathers are very small and attached to nerve endings, sending information to the brain about feather alignment.

Question 55

What adaptation do redpolls have for winter?

Answer 55

Redpolls have 3% more feathers in winter to help them cope with colder temperatures