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Tissue Types Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the hierarchy of biological structures
from cells to organisms.

A

Cells are the basic unit, tissues are groups of similar cells, organs are made of different tissues, organ systems consist of related organs, and multiple systems together form an organism

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2
Q

Define the four basic types of animal tissues.

A

The four basic types of animal tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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3
Q

How do epithelial tissues function in the
body?

A

Epithelial tissues line body surfaces and cavities, aiding in absorption, secretion, and protection

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4
Q

Explain the role of connective tissue in the
body.

A

Connective tissue supports and connects different parts of the body

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5
Q

Describe the function of nervous tissue.

A

Nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses and reacts to stimuli, coordinating bodily functions

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6
Q

How does muscle tissue contribute to
movement?

A

Muscle tissue allows the body to move and facilitates movement of individual structures within the body

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7
Q

State the location of epithelial tissues in the
body

A

Epithelial tissues are found covering surfaces such as the skin, lining of the lungs, digestive tract, and ducts

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8
Q

Explain the significance of cell differentiation
in tissue formation.

A

Cell differentiation allows a single fertilised egg to develop into specialised cells with specific structures and functions

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9
Q

How does the structure of epithelial tissue
assist its function?

A

Epithelial tissue is structured in sheets with
closely packed cells, which aids in forming
effective boundary layers for absorption and
secretion.

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10
Q

Define the apical and basal surfaces of
epithelial tissue.

A

The apical surface is exposed to the external
environment, while the basal surface is
attached to the basement membrane.

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11
Q

Describe the composition and function of the
basement membrane in epithelial tissue.

A

The basement membrane consists of a
network of blood vessels that provide oxygen
and nutrients to epithelial cells and facilitate
absorption

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12
Q

How do tissues in multicellular organisms
specialize?

A

Tissues specialize to perform specific
functions, with all cells in a tissue working
together towards that function.

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13
Q

What is the importance of the hierarchy of
structure in biology?

A

The hierarchy of structure helps organize
biological complexity, showing how cells form
tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form
systems.

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14
Q

Explain how the structure of connective tissue
supports its function.

A

Connective tissue has a diverse structure that
includes various cell types and extracellular
matrix, allowing it to support and connect
different body parts.

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15
Q

How do muscle tissues differ from other
tissue types?

A

Muscle tissues are specialized for contraction
and movement, unlike other tissues that may
serve protective, supportive, or signaling
roles.

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16
Q

Describe cell junctions.

A

Cell junctions are the points where two cells
join together.

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17
Q

Define simple epithelium.

A

Simple epithelium is a single layered
epithelium.

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18
Q

Define stratified epithelium.

A

Stratified epithelium is a multi-layered
epithelium.

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19
Q

How do ciliated epithelial cells function?

A

Ciliated epithelial cells have hair-like
structures that create a wavelike motion to
help move substances along the surface of
the tissue.

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20
Q

What role do goblet cells play in ciliated
epithelium?

A

Goblet cells produce mucus, which is wafted
away from the lungs by cilia.

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21
Q

Describe the function of simple squamous
epithelium.

A

Simple squamous epithelium allows for
substances to diffuse across the membrane
due to its thin cells

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22
Q

Explain the protective function of stratified
squamous epithelium.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium provides
protection for tissues below and is resistant to friction

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23
Q

How is cuboidal epithelium adapted for its
function?

A

Cuboidal epithelium allows for diffusion and
secretion of molecules

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24
Q

Describe the location and function of
columnar epithelium.

A

Columnar epithelium lines the intestines and
allows for nutrient absorption and secretion of substances such as mucus

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25
What is the function of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium lines the respiratory tract and allows impurities to be swept towards the throat due to mucus secretion.
26
How is the epithelium of the lung adapted for efficient diffusion?
The simple squamous epithelial cells in the lung are very thin, facilitating efficient diffusion.
27
Explain the adaptation of tracheal epithelium for its function.
The ciliated pseudostratified epithelium in the trachea has cilia that help move mucus up from the lungs.
28
Describe the adaptation of intestinal epithelium for absorption.
The intestinal epithelium is adapted for absorption through its structure, which allows for efficient nutrient uptake
29
Describe the role of microvilli in simple columnar epithelium.
Microvilli increase the surface area for absorption on the apical surface of simple columnar epithelium.
30
Define connective tissue and its characteristics.
Connective tissue has large amounts of intracellular matrix and varies considerably in structure and composition
31
How many main types of connective tissue are there and what are they?
There are three main types of connective tissue: loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and specialised connective tissue.
32
Do loose connective tissues provide insulation?
Yes, loose connective tissues, such as adipose and areolar, provide padding and insulation.
33
Explain the function of adipose tissue.
Adipose tissue stores fat and provides insulation
34
What is the function of areolar connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue protects organs, blood vessels, and nerves; allows passage for nerve and blood vessels through other tissues; and gives strength to epithelial tissue
35
Define dense connective tissue and its characteristics.
Dense connective tissue is tightly packed with cells and fibres and has little matrix
36
What is the function of fibrous connective tissue?
Fibrous connective tissue, such as ligaments, attaches bones to bones and provides support to joints
37
Describe the function of elastic connective tissue
Elastic connective tissue, such as tendons, attaches muscles to bones
38
What is the role of specialised connective tissue?
Specialised connective tissue provides strength and protection
39
Explain the function of bone as a specialised connective tissue.
Bone forms the skeleton and protects and supports the main organs of the body
40
Describe the function of cartilage.
Cartilage smooths surfaces at joints and prevents the collapse of trachea and bronchi
41
What are the three types of cartilage?
The three types of cartilage are hyaline, elactic, and fibrous
42
Define blood as a special connective tissue.
Blood is a liquid connective tissue with a matrix called plasma, which contains water, dissolved nutrients, ions, waste products, and hormones
43
What components are found in blood?
Blood contains platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells
44
Describe the main function of nervous tissue.
Nervous tissue creates nerve impulses that travel from one part of the body to another in a few milliseconds
45
How does the extracellular matrix relate to connective tissue?
The extracellular matrix is a substance made by the cells of connective tissue and is found around the outside of the cells
46
What types of fibres can be found in the extracellular matrix?
The extracellular matrix can contain collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibres
47
Explain the characteristics of collagenous fibres.
Collagenous fibres are very strong and made from a protein called collagen
48
Describe the properties of elastic fibres.
Elastic fibres are stretchy and made from a protein called elastin
49
What is the function of reticular fibres?
Reticular fibres form a mesh framework in glands and organs from a very fine type of collagen
50
Describe the two main types of cells found in nervous tissue.
Nervous tissue contains neurons and glial cells
51
How do animals benefit from nervous tissues?
Nervous tissues help animals sense stimuli, enable movement, send messages, and facilitate reflexes
52
Define the structure of a neuron.
A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites, an axon, a nucleus, a myelin sheath (Shwann cell), axon terminals, and node of Ranvier
53
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
The myelin sheath is a fatty white substance that insulates the axon, speeds up conduction of action potentials, and may protect the nerve from damage
54
How do sensory neurons function?
Sensory neurons are responsible for sending impulses from sensory organs towards the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
55
Describe the role of interneurons.
Interneurons transmit impulses between sensory and motor neurons within the brain and spinal cord
56
What is the function of motor neurons?
Motor neurons send impulses from the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to specific muscles or organs
57
Define the role of glial cells in nervous tissue.
Glial cells provide protection and support to nervous tissues and are often in direct contact or near neurons
58
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
Oligodendrocytes insulate the axon of neurons (myelin) in the central nervous system (CNS)
59
Describe the function of astrocytes.
Astrocytes regulate cerebrospinal fluid and hold capillaries in place
60
What is the role of Schwann cells?
Schwann cells insulate the axon of neurons (myelin) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
61
Define skeletal muscle tissue.
Skeletal muscle is attached to, supports, and moves the skeleton, characterised by cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei and a striated appearance
62
How does smooth muscle tissue function?
Smooth muscle tissue is found in hollow organs and allows them to contract; it consists of spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus
63
Describe cardiac muscle tissue.
Cardiac muscle is specialised muscle found only in the heart, characterised by elongated, branching cells with one or two nuclei and striations
64
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration involves the release of energy from the breakdown of glucose by combining it with oxygen, occurring in the mitochondria
65
How does aerobic respiration compare to anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration
66
What is the significance of energy released during aerobic respiration?
The energy released during aerobic respiration is used to enable muscles to contract and allow movement
67
Define anaerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration that occurs without oxygen, primarily used for short-term energy production when oxygen levels are insufficient
68
Describe the efficiency of anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration in terms of energy production
69
Explain where anaerobic respiration occurs in the cell.
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
70
What is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration in muscles?
A byproduct of anaerobic respiration in muscles is lactic acid, which can cause pain and hinder muscle function
71
How do fast twitch muscle fibers differ from slow twitch muscle fibers in terms of contraction speed?
Fast twitch muscle fibres contract quickly, while slow twitch muscle fibres contract slowly
72
Describe the endurance characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers.
Slow twitch muscle fibres can sustain activity for a long time without getting tired
73
How do fast twitch muscle fibers generate energy?
Fast twitch muscle fibres use anaerobic respiration to rapidly generate energy (ATP)
74
What color are fast twitch muscle fibers and why?
Fast twitch muscle fibres are lighter in colour due to having fewer capillaries, as they do not rely on oxygen
75
Identify an animal that is likely to have a lot of fast twitch muscle fibers and justify your answer.
A cheetah is an example of an animal with a lot of fast twitch muscle fibres, as it is built for sprinting and can contract its muscles quickly
76
Identify an animal that is likely to have a lot of slow twitch muscle fibers and justify your answer.
A marathon runner is an example of an animal with a lot of slow twitch muscle fibres, as these fibres allow for endurance and sustained activity over long distances
77
Describe the blood supply characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers.
Slow twitch muscle fibres have a good blood supply and a high density of mitochondria to support aerobic respiration
78
Explain the role of mitochondria in slow twitch muscle fibers.
Mitochondria in slow twitch muscle fibres are crucial for aerobic respiration, providing the energy needed for prolonged activity
79
How does the combination of muscle fiber types affect an animal's physical abilities?
The combination of slow and fast twitch muscle fibres determines an animal's proficiency in various physical activities, such as sprinting or long-distance running

Animal Biology (24 decks)

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