Joints, movement & biomechanics

Question 1

Define synarthrotic

Answer 1

• Not moveable

Question 2

Define diarthrotic

Answer 2

• Freely moveable

Question 3

Define amphiarthrotic

Answer 3

• Slightly moveable

Question 4

Two types of joint classification

Answer 4

• Functional classification - movement joint is capable of
• Structural classification - relies anatomical organization & material binding joint

Question 5

Types of functional classification joints

Answer 5

• Synarthrotic
• Amphiarthrotic
• Diarthrotic

Question 6

Types of structural classification of joints

Answer 6

• Fibrous; dense fibrous connective tissue between bones
• Cartilaginous; cartilage between bones
• Synovial; cavity between articulating bones

Question 7

Types of fibrous joints

Answer 7

• Suture
• Syndesmosis
• Gomphosis

Question 8

Types of Cartilaginous joints

Answer 8

• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis

Question 9

Types of Synovial joints

Answer 9

• Gliding
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Ellipsoidal
• Saddle
• Ball & socket

Question 10

What type of joint is the fibrous joint

Answer 10

Synarthrotic - not moveable

Question 11

Fibrous joints - Sutures

Answer 11

e.g. coronal suture
- interlocking edges of skull plates, held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
- Synarthrotic joint (in adults)
- Amphiarthrotic joint (only in infants)

Question 12

Fibrous joints - Syndesmoses

Answer 12

e.g. tibia & fibula
- interosseous membrane
- Connection between tibia & fibula; radius & ulna
- connected by fibrous tissue ligament
- Synarthrotic or Amphiarthrotic joints

Question 13

Fibrous joints - Gomphosis

Answer 13

e.g. root of tooth
- thin fibrous tissue connecting bone of socket to root of tooth (periodontal ligament)
- Allows no movement in healthy people
- Synarthrotic

Question 14

Cartilaginous joints - Synchondroses

Answer 14

• e.g. epiphyseal plate
• bar of plate of hyaline cartilage units bones
• synarthrotic

Question 15

Cartilaginous Joints - Symphyses

Answer 15

• e.g. pubic symphysis in pubic bone & hyaline cartilage in vertebrae
• hyaline cartilage covers articulating surface & is fused to intervening pad of fibrocartilage
• amphiarthroic joints

Question 16

Synovial joints

Answer 16

• freely moveable, diarthrotic joints
• held together by ligaments
• fluid filled; shock absorbing, supplies O2 & nutrients to cartilage

Question 17

Purpose of fluid in synovial joint

Answer 17

• Shock absorber
• supplies O2 & nutrients to cartilage
• removes metabolic wastes from articular cartilage

Question 18

Joint capsule (articular capsule)

Answer 18

• layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding joint
• holds synovial fluid in place
• attaches capsule to periosteum of articulating bones to hold them together

Question 19

Synovial membrane

Answer 19

• Lines inner surface of joint capsule except over particular cartilage

Question 20

How does articular cartilage obtain nourishment

Answer 20

Synovial fluid

Question 21

Synovial cavity

Answer 21

• Space between two articulating bones contains synovial fluid

Question 22

Articular cartilage & joints

Answer 22

• reduces friction, shock absorbing to prevent damage to ends of bones

Question 23

Ligaments

Answer 23

• bands of fibres, external to joint
• provide strength, holds articulating bones together

Question 24

Menisci

Answer 24

• pads of cartilage between articular surfaces of bones
• allow bones of different shapes to fit tightly & fit better
• spacer in joint to prevent bones smashing together

Question 25

Bursae

Answer 25

- pockets of synovial fluid that cushion areas where tendons & ligaments rub together - reduce friction at joints, found inside or outside joint

Question 26

Factors that stabilize synovial joints

Answer 26

- collagen fibres - articulating surfaces & menisci - other bones, muscles or fat pads - tendons of articulating bones - prevents injury by limiting range of motions - factors that limit range of motion

Question 27

Types of movements of synovial joints

Answer 27

1. Gliding 2. Angular 3. Rotation 4. Circumduction

Question 28

Gliding movement

Answer 28

- 1 bone over another - side to side & back and forth movement

Question 29

Angular movements

Answer 29

- Angle between articulating bone increases or decreases Abduction; movement of bones away from midline Adduction; movement of bone towards midline Flexion; decreases in angle Extension; increase in angle

Question 30

Circumduction

Answer 30

- movement of body part in a circle

Question 31

Rotation

Answer 31

- bone rotates around its long axis, side to side action

Question 32

Movements single or in combination with one another that describe all the movements the body is capable of move

Answer 32

gliding, angular, rotation & cirumduction

Question 33

Synovial Joint - gliding joint

Answer 33

- sliding motion, bone glides over the other - articulating surfaces are flat - limited circular sliding - e.g. carpals & tarsals, scapula & clavicle

Question 34

Synovial Joint - hinge joint

Answer 34

- one bone remains stationary other moves around it, "door hinge" - angular movement in one plane only - e.g. elbow, knee, bones of phalanges

Question 35

Synovial Joint - Pivot Joint

Answer 35

- Rounded & ring shapes articulating surfaces - Rotational movement only - e.g. altas pivots around dens of axis, proximal joint between radius & ulna

Question 36

Synovial Joint - Ellipsoidal Joint

Answer 36

- comprise concise & convey articulating surfaces - capable of angular & circumlocution movements - e.g. radius & carpals, metacarpals & phalanges (disclosing thumb)

Question 37

Synovial Joint - Saddle joint

Answer 37

- Articulating surfaces are "saddle" shaped - Allows for angular & circumduction movements - e.g. metacarpal of thumb & carpal

Question 38

Synovial Joint - Ball & Socket Joint

Answer 38

- rounded head of 1 bone in a depression of another - angular, roational & circumduction movements - e.g. shoulder & hip