Joints of distal UE

Question 1

What muscles are responsible for flexion of the elbow?

Answer 1

Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis
(bend elbow up toward shoulders)

Question 2

What muscles are responsible for extension of the elbow?

Answer 2

Triceps
(straightening/ bringing elbow back down)

Question 3

What are the two articulations of the elbow joint?

Answer 3

The humero-ulnar and humero-radial articulations

Question 4

What makes up the humero-ulnar articulation of the elbow?

Answer 4

Formed between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna

Question 5

What makes up the humero-radial articulation of the elbow?

Answer 5

Formed between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius

Question 6

What ligaments stabilize the elbow joint?

Answer 6

Ulnar collateral ligament, radial collateral ligament, and annular ligament

Question 7

What is the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow joint?

Answer 7

3 bands of connective tissue on the medial elbow which connect the humerus to the ulna

Question 8

What is the radial collateral ligament of the elbow joint?

Answer 8

Bands of connective tissue which blends to both the annular ligament of the radius and the ulnar bone

Question 9

What is the annular ligament of the elbow joint?C

Answer 9

Connective tissue which loops up and around the radial head

Question 10

What elbow joint damage is common in throwing athletes?

Answer 10

Ulnar collateral ligament rupture/sprain/stretch

Question 11

What is Tommy John surgery?

Answer 11

Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament

Question 12

What grafts are commonly used in Tommy John surgery?

Answer 12

palmaris longus tendon, gracillus tendon, hamstring, great toe extensor tendon (autografts)

or donor grafts (allograft)

Question 13

What is cubital tunnel syndrome?

Answer 13

Irritation or compression of the ulnar nerve as it passes through the cubital tunnel of the elbow to get to the forearm

Question 14

What happens during a radial head dislocation?

Answer 14

The radial head is pulled out of the annular ligament (socket)

*more typical in peds due to laxity of joint

Question 15

What is olecranon bursitis?

Answer 15

Inflammation and swelling/filling in fluid of the olecranon bursa (fluid sac in between bone and ligament) as a result of chronic pressure or irritation

Question 16

What muscles are responsible for supination of the forearm?

Answer 16

Supinator muscle, biceps brachii

*rotate the palm up

Question 17

What muscles are responsible for pronation of the forearm?

Answer 17

Pronator teres, pronator quadratus

*rotate the palm down

Question 18

Which structure is made up of tough connective tissue and serves as the “floor” of the forearm?

Answer 18

Interosseous membrane
*stabilizes ulna and radius while still allowing mobility

Question 19

What is the sacciform recess?

Answer 19

An extension of the joint capsule of the elbow that is positioned under the annular ligament

Question 20

What are the two joints of the forearm?

Answer 20

The PRUJ (proximal radioulnar joint) and the DRUJ (distal radioulnar joint)

Question 21

What is the PRUJ (proximal radioulnar joint)?

Answer 21

Where the head of the radius articulates with the ulna (in between the two forearm bones at the proximal end)

*the annular ligament holds the head of the radius in place to articulate with the ulna

Question 22

What is the DRUJ (distal radioulnar joint)?

Answer 22

Where the head of the ulna articulates with the radius (in between the two forearm bones at the distal end)

*TFCC tissue cuts across and unites the distal radius and head of ulna

Question 23

What does TFCC stand for?

Answer 23

Triangular fibrocartilage complex

Question 24

What are the attachments for the TFCC?

Answer 24

Styloid process of ulna and distal radius

Question 25

What is the purpose of the TFCC?

Answer 25

Allows the radius to pivot around ulna for pronation (palm down) and supination (palm up) *provides stability between the two forearm bones while still allowing mobility

Question 26

What is a common cause of TFCC rupture or tear?

Answer 26

FOOSH (fall on outstretched hand) injury -impact of fall is put on the wrist/TFCC

Question 27

What are the characteristics of an TFCC tear/rupture? Do these ruptures require surgery?

Answer 27

Pain and instability on the ulnar side of the wrist -Do not usually need surgery, usually rest is required for healing

Question 28

What are the different movements of the wrist?

Answer 28

-Flexion (flexing wrist so hand points to floor with palm down) -Extension (extending wrist so hand is up like the "stop" signal) -Ulnar deviation (wrist bends hand toward pinky side) -Radial deviation (wrist bends hand toward thumb side)

Question 29

What are the two collateral ligaments of the wrist?

Answer 29

Ulnar collateral ligament (ulna to carpals) Radial collateral ligament (radius to carpals)

Question 29

What are the two collateral ligaments of the wrist?

Answer 29

Ulnar collateral ligament (ulna to carpals) Radial collateral ligament (radius to carpals)

Question 30

What are the two radiocarpal ligaments of the wrist?

Answer 30

Dorsal radiocarpal ligament Palmer radiocarpal ligament *these pull the carpal bones with the radius during pronation and supination

Question 31

What is the radiocarpal joint?

Answer 31

Articulation between the radius and the carpal bones (mostly scaphoid and lunate)

Question 32

What is an MCP (metacarpophalanhgeal) joint?

Answer 32

Articulations between the distal end of metacarpal bones and proximal end of phalange bones *AKA knuckles

Question 33

What is a PIP (proximal interphalangeal) joint?

Answer 33

Articulation between the proximal and middle phalanges in digits 2-5

Question 34

What is a DIP (distal interphalangeal) joint?

Answer 34

Articulation between middle and distal phalanges in digits 2-5

Question 35

What is the IP (interphalangeal) jont of the thumb?

Answer 35

Articulation between the proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb (1st digit)

Question 36

What action is produced by abduction of the fingers?

Answer 36

Spreading fingers apart/away from middle finger (midline)

Question 37

What action is produced by adduction of the fingers?

Answer 37

Bringing fingers together/toward middle finger (midline)

Question 38

What actions are produced by flexion/extension of PIP and DIP joints in the fingers?

Answer 38

Flexion: curling fingers inward Extension: straightening out the fingers

Question 39

What actions are produced by flexion/extension of MCP joints in the fingers?

Answer 39

Extension: lifting fingers upward/back with the wrist ("stop" signal) Flexion: pushing fingers down with palm facing the floor with the wrist

Question 40

What are the movements of the thumb?

Answer 40

-adduction/abduction -flexion/extension -opposition

Question 41

What action is produced by opposition of the thumb?

Answer 41

Touching the thumb to the tip of each finger