Joints of Lower Limb

Question 1

fractures of the femoral neck cause?

Answer 1

lateral rotation of lower limb

Question 2

a fracture to the femoral neck can rupture which artery?

Answer 2

medial circumflex femoral artery

Question 3

after a femoral neck fracture, which artery is the only likely source of blood for the head of the femur?

Answer 3

the artery to the ligament of the femoral head

Question 4

the head of the femur can undergo what after a femoral neck fracture?

Answer 4

aseptic vascular necrosis

Question 5

what is replaced during a hip replacement?

Answer 5

a metal prosthesis is anchored to the femur which replaces the femoral head and neck & a plastic socket replaces acetabulum

Question 6

congenital dislocation of the hip presents as?

Answer 6

• inability to abduct the thigh
• shorter leg
• positive trendelenburg sign

Question 7

which nerve is injured during a posterior dislocation of the hip joint?

Answer 7

the sciatic nerve

Question 8

what is genu varum?

Answer 8

femur is abnormally vertical and Q angle is small; causes medial weight bearing (bowleg)

Question 9

genu varum causes?

Answer 9

arthorsis of knee and overstress of fibular collateral ligament

Question 10

what is genu valgum?

Answer 10

exaggerated knee angle; weight bearing lateral to knee

Question 11

what does genu valgum cause?

Answer 11

• overstretching of tibial collateral ligament
• patella pulled laterally
• excess stress on lateral meniscus

Question 12

which way does the patella dislocation usually?

Answer 12

laterally

Question 13

what is patellofemoral compartment syndrome?

Answer 13

repetitive microtrauma from abnormal tracking of patella to patellar surface of femur

Question 14

whats the most common knee injury in contact sports?

Answer 14

ligament sprain

Question 15

ACL rupture causes?

Answer 15

free tibia slides anterior under fixed femur

Question 16

meniscal tears usually involve?

Answer 16

medial meniscus

Question 17

why does the lateral meniscus not usually tear?

Answer 17

its more mobile

Question 18

pain on lateral rotation of tibia suggests?

Answer 18

injury of the lateral meniscus

Question 19

pain on the medial rotation of the tibia suggests?

Answer 19

injury of the medial meniscus

Question 20

what happens to synovial fluid when the knee joint is infected and inflamed?

Answer 20

it increases

Question 21

what is joint effusion?

Answer 21

escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels that results in increased fluids in joint cavity

Question 22

what causes prepatellar bursitis?

Answer 22

friction between skin and patella

Question 23

what is housemaid’s knee?

Answer 23

chronic inflammation of prepatellar bursa which becomes distended with fluid and forms an anterior swelling

Question 24

what is a popliteal cyst?

Answer 24

abnormal fluid filled sacs of synovial membrane in the popliteal fossa

Question 25

how do popliteal cysts form?

Answer 25

complication of chronic knee effusion

Question 26

how far can popliteal cysts extend?

Answer 26

mid calf

Question 27

what is the most frequently injured major joint in the body?

Answer 27

ankle

Question 28

what is an ankle sprain?

Answer 28

torn fibers of ankle ligaments

Question 29

which ligament is most commonly torn during an ankle sprain?

Answer 29

anterior talofibular ligament

Question 30

what is tarsal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 30

entrapment and compression of the tibial nerve between the medial malleolus and calcaneus in the flexor retinaculum

Question 31

what is hallux valgus?

Answer 31

- foot deformity caused by pressure from footwear and degenerative joint disease - lateral deviation of big toe

Question 32

what is a bunion?

Answer 32

medial shift of D1 metatarsal and lateral shift of sesamoids --> swelling causes subcutaneous bursa to form ---> inflammation causes bunion

Question 33

what is hammer toe?

Answer 33

proximal phalanx is dorsiflexed, middle phalanx is plantarflexed, distal phalanx is dorsiflexed ---> hammer appearance

Question 34

what does hammer toe indicate?

Answer 34

weakness of lumbricals and interosseous muscles

Question 35

what is claw toes?

Answer 35

hyperextension of metatarsophalangeal joints and flexion of flexion of distal interphalangeal joints

Question 36

why does flatfoot develop?

Answer 36

loose or degenerative intrinsic ligaments of the foot

Question 37

acquired flat foot develops because?

Answer 37

dysfunction of tibialis posterior

Question 38

what is clubfoot?

Answer 38

foot that is twisted out of position & weight is placed on the lateral side of the foot instead of the sole and heel

Question 39

what is talipes equinovarus?

Answer 39

clubfoot involving the subtalar joint