UG system development

Question 1

an accessory renal artery to the inferior pole of the kidney can cause?

Answer 1

obstruction of ureter (artery crosses anterior) and hydronephrosis

Question 2

what is hydronephrosis?

Answer 2

distention of renal pelvis an calices with urine

Question 3

a single umbilical artery usually indicates?

Answer 3

unilateral renal agenesis

Question 4

bilateral renal agensis is associated with?

Answer 4

oligohydramnios (no urine excreted into amniotic fluid)

Question 5

what causes renal agenesis?

Answer 5

-failure of ureteric buds to develop

Question 6

abnormal rotation of kidney is associated with?

Answer 6

ectopic kidneys

Question 7

ectopic kidneys result from?

Answer 7

failure of kidneys to ascend

Question 8

ascending of a horseshoe kidney is obstructed by?

Answer 8

IMA

Question 9

incomplete division of metanephric diverticulum results in?

Answer 9

bifid ureter/divided kidney

Question 10

complete division of metanephric diverticulum results in?

Answer 10

accessory kidney

Question 11

accessory kidney with its own ureter results from?

Answer 11

formation of two ureteric buds

Question 12

an ectopic ureter can insert in?

Answer 12

prostatic urethra in males or the urethra in females

Question 13

a urachal fistula causes?

Answer 13

urine to be expelled through the umbilicus

Question 14

what is congenital megacystis?

Answer 14

large urinary bladder; causes renal failure

Question 15

extrophy of the bladder is caused by?

Answer 15

incomplete median closure

Question 16

what is associated with extrophy of the bladder?

Answer 16

• epispadias (urethral opening on dorsum of penis)
• penis and scrotum divided into two parts
• inferior rectus abdominus muscles missing

Question 17

excessive androgen production is caused by?

Answer 17

abnormal increase in the cells of suprarenal cortex during development (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

Question 18

mesonephric duct remnants in males results in?

Answer 18

appendix of epididymis or paradidymis

Question 19

mesonephric duct remnants in femals results in?

Answer 19

appendix vesiculosa; persistant epoophoron or paroophoron; Gartner duct cysts

Question 20

paramesonephric duct remnants in males results in?

Answer 20

appendix of the testis

Question 21

paramesonephric duct remnants in females results in?

Answer 21

vesicular appendage called hydatid of Morgagni

Question 22

what is the most common birth defect of the penis?

Answer 22

hypospadias

Question 23

where is the external urethral orifice in a glanular hypospadia?

Answer 23

ventral surface of glans of penis

Question 24

where is the external urethral orifice in a penile hypospadia?

Answer 24

ventral surface of body of penis

Question 25

what is chordee?

Answer 25

underdeveloped and ventrally curved penis in hypospadias

Question 26

where is the external urethral orifice in a penoscrotal hypospadia?

Answer 26

junction of penis and scrotum

Question 27

what is perineal hypospadia?

Answer 27

failure of labioscrotal folds to fuse & urethra opens between unfused halves of scrotum

Question 28

if a person has perineal hypospadia and cryptochidism, what can be misdiagnosed?

Answer 28

disorder of sex development (46 XY)

Question 29

why do hypospadias occur?

Answer 29

inadequate production of androgens & failure of urethral folds to fuse

Question 30

what is epispadia?

Answer 30

external urethral orifice opens on the dorsal surface of the penis

Question 31

epispadia is associated with?

Answer 31

exstrophy of the bladder

Question 32

how does a double penis occur?

Answer 32

two genital tuberacles develop

Question 33

a bifid penis is associated with?

Answer 33

exstrophy of the bladder & imperforate anus

Question 34

agenesis of external genitalia results in?

Answer 34

absence of penis or clitoris & urethral opening into perineum near the anus

Question 35

why does micropenis occur?

Answer 35

- fetal testicular failure | - associated with hypopituitarism

Question 36

how does a double uterus form?

Answer 36

failure of fusion of inferior parts of paramesonephric ducts

Question 37

what is a bicornate uterus?

Answer 37

a double uterus only in the superior aspect of the body of the uterus

Question 38

how does a bicornate uterus with rudimentory horn form?

Answer 38

one paramesonephric duct does not fuse with the other

Question 39

how does a unicornate uterus form?

Answer 39

failure of one paramesonephric duct to develop

Question 40

how does an absence of vagina form?

Answer 40

failure of sinovaginal bulbs to develop into vaginal plate (usually uterus is absent too)

Question 41

how does an imperforate hymen form?

Answer 41

failure of inferior end of vaginal plate to perforate

Question 42

normal ovarian development is dependent on?

Answer 42

two X chromosomes

Question 43

cryptorchism is associated with?

Answer 43

sterility & germ cell tumors

Question 44

where do testis reside in cryptorchism?

Answer 44

usually in inguinal canal

Question 45

ectopic testes usually reside where?

Answer 45

interstitial (external to aponeurosis of external oblique)

Question 46

how does ectopic testes occur?

Answer 46

gubernaculum passes to abnormal location

Question 47

how does a persistant processus vaginalis occur?

Answer 47

communication between tunica vaginalis and peritoneal cavity fails to close

Question 48

why is a persistant processus vaginalis important?

Answer 48

can cause congenital inguinal hernia

Question 49

if the abdominal end of the processus vaginalis remains open but is too small to permit herniation, what forms?

Answer 49

scrotal hydrocele from peritoneal fluid

Question 50

if the middle part of processus vaginalis remains open, what forms?

Answer 50

fluid accumulation --> hydrocele of spermatic cord