Anterior/Medial Thigh

Question 1

what’s an avulsion fracture of the hip bone?

Answer 1

a piece of bone attached to a ligament or tendon that breaks off the pelvis

Question 2

where do avulsion fractures occur?

Answer 2

apophyses (where muscles attach)

Question 3

what is coxa vara?

Answer 3

when the angle of inclination between the long axis of femoral neck and the femoral shaft is decreased

Question 4

what is coxa valga?

Answer 4

when the angle of inclination is increased

Question 5

what causes a mild shortening of the lower limb and limits passive abduction of the hip?

Answer 5

coxa vara

Question 6

what part of the femur is commonly fractured?

Answer 6

neck of the femur

Question 7

what kinds of fractures can cause vascular trauma due to degeneration of the femoral head?

Answer 7

intracapsular fractures (in hip joint)

Question 8

what is a spiral fracture?

Answer 8

fracture of the femur shaft

Question 9

what should be considered with a knee fracture?

Answer 9

compromised blood supply to the leg due to a distal femur fracture

Question 10

what is the most frequently fractured area of the tibia?

Answer 10

at the junction of the middle and inferior thirds (narrowest)

Question 11

what fractures are associated with limb shortening?

Answer 11

diagonal fracture of tibia and fracture of the fibula

Question 12

what is Osgood-Schlatter disease?

Answer 12

disruption of the epiphysial plate at the tibial tuberocity causes inflammation and chronic pain during adolescence

Question 13

fibular fractures are often associated with?

Answer 13

fractures/dislocations of the ankle joint

Question 14

which bone is a common source of bone grafting?

Answer 14

fibula

Question 15

what structure is important to note when using the fibula as a graft source?

Answer 15

nutrient foramen (middle third of fibula)

Question 16

what site is used for intramedullary infusion in dehydrated or shocked children?

Answer 16

anterior tibia (subcutaneous location)

Question 17

a calcaneal fracture disrupts which joint?

Answer 17

talocalcaneal joint

Question 18

severe dorsiflexion of the foot can cause?

Answer 18

fractures of the talar neck

Question 19

violent inversion of the foot can cause?

Answer 19

avulsion fracture of the tuberocity of the 5th metatarsal

Question 20

what is an os trigonum?

Answer 20

accessory ossicle from applied stress during early teens

Question 21

how does an os trigonum form?

Answer 21

failure of the lateral tuberacle of the talus to unite with the body of the talus

Question 22

trauma to lower limb structures including hemorrhage, edema, inflammation causes?

Answer 22

increased intracompartmental pressure (compartment syndromes)

Question 23

the great saphenous vein is prone to?

Answer 23

varicosity

Question 24

what can cause deep venous thrombosis?

Answer 24

venous stasis (stagnation)

Question 25

what causes venous stasis

Answer 25

- loose fascia - external pressure on veins (cast) - muscular inactivity

Question 26

what is thromboplebitis?

Answer 26

DVT with inflammation of involved veins

Question 27

what is a pulmonary thromboembolism?

Answer 27

breakage of DVT that clogs pulmonary artery; can cause death

Question 28

what vessel is usually used for coronary arterial bypass?

Answer 28

great saphenous vein

Question 29

what is a saphenous cutdown?

Answer 29

skin incision anterior to medial malleolus to locate the great saphenous vein

Question 30

what structure should be preserved during a saphenous cutdown?

Answer 30

saphenous nerve (follows vein)

Question 31

what is lymphandenopathy?

Answer 31

moderate enlargement of lymph nodes from pathogenic micro-organisms

Question 32

enlarged inguinal lymph nodes can be a sign of what in females?

Answer 32

metastatic uterine cancer

Question 33

where would a femoral nerve block be injected?

Answer 33

2 cm inferior to inguinal ligament (finger's width later to femoral artery)

Question 34

if a femoral nerve block affects the saphenous nerve, what happens?

Answer 34

paresthesia to knee and medial side of leg

Question 35

what and where is a hip pointer?

Answer 35

contusion of iliac crest at ASIS, AIIS, & pubic tuberacle

Question 36

what is chondromalacia patellae?

Answer 36

runner's knee from quadriceps imbalance

Question 37

how does a transverse patellar fracture occur?

Answer 37

blow to knee or sudden contraction of quads

Question 38

ossification abnormalities in the patella cause?

Answer 38

bipartite or tripartite patella

Question 39

the patellar tendon reflex tests which nerves?

Answer 39

femoral nerve and L2-L4 spinal cord segments

Question 40

which muscle is used for transplantation?

Answer 40

gracilis (weak adductor)

Question 41

ossified tendons are generally found in which muscle?

Answer 41

adductor longus (horse riders)

Question 42

where is the femoral pulse felt?

Answer 42

midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis

Question 43

what is a left cardial angiography?

Answer 43

catheter placed in femoral to left ventricle

Question 44

blood gas analysis is taken from which vessel?

Answer 44

femoral

Question 45

what is an arteriovenous shunt?

Answer 45

communication of femoral vein and artery due to trauma

Question 46

what is the cruciate anastomosis?

Answer 46

anastomosis of medial and lateral circumflex femoral with inferior gluteal

Question 47

what is a saphenous varix?

Answer 47

localized dilation of terminal part of great saphenous vein

Question 48

a saphenous varix can cause?

Answer 48

edema in femoral triangle (usually occurs with varicose veins)

Question 49

a catheter in the femoral vein is used for?

Answer 49

right cardiac angiography

Question 50

femoral venous puncture is used for?

Answer 50

administration of fluids

Question 51

where does a femoral hernia occur?

Answer 51

femoral ring

Question 52

femoral hernias can result in?

Answer 52

strangulation and necrosis of intestine

Question 53

an accessory obturator artery arises from?

Answer 53

inferior epigastric

Question 54

an accessory obturator artery must be preserved in?

Answer 54

repair of inguinal or femoral hernias