July 28, 2019

Question 1

What kind of scheduling of reinforcement is a slot machine

Answer 1

-it is a variable ratio type of reinforcement

Question 2

What are examples of fixed action patterns

Answer 2

1) Fixed action patterns
- >mating dances

2) Migration
- >birds flying south in the winter

3) Circadian rhythms
- >biological clocks

Question 3

What is insight learning

Answer 3

• solving a problem using past skills

- >that aha moment

Question 4

What is latent learning

Answer 4

-;earning behavior is not expressed until required

Question 5

What is avoidance and escape

Answer 5

-both types of aversive control

Escape
->escape an unpleasent stimulus once it has occurred

Avoidance

• > signal is given before the aversive situation
• > eg; a fire alarm goes off and people know to evacuate

Question 6

What does the elaboration likelihood model deal with

Answer 6

• it deals with persuasion
• > how attitudes are formed and likely they are to be changed

-evaluated either along the central route of persuasion or the peripheral route of persuasion

Question 7

What are the 3 main character

Answer 7

1) Message characteristics
2) Target characteristics
3) Speaker or source characteristics

Question 8

Contrast the central and peripheral processing

Answer 8

-for central, listener interest, motivation and importance are high

• for central, individuals focus on deep processing of the information
• > not just the superficial characteristics like the peripheral processers
• for attitudes, central creates a lasting attitude change
• > peripheral processing creates a temporary attitude change

Question 9

What does the social-cognitive theory state. Note it was developed by Bandura

Answer 9

• views behaviours as being influenced by people’s traits/cognitions and their social context
• > essentially, cognition leads to environment which leads to behaviour

Question 10

Describe the meaning of learned helplessness

Answer 10

• uncontrollable bad events can lead to a perceived lack of control
• > which leads to general helpless behaviour

Question 11

How can tyranny of choice affect our cognition and behaviour

Answer 11

-it can negatively affect our cognition and behaviour

Question 12

What is meant by the term self-control

Answer 12

-the ability to control our impulses and delay gratification

• need to have in order to control temptations
• > temptations is when desire conflicts with values or long term goals

Question 13

How does ego depletion and self control relate

Answer 13

• the fact that self control is a limited resource
• > so if you use a lot of it, it can get used up
• > affect a later unrelated task that also requires self-control

Question 14

What are ways to improve self control

Answer 14

1) change the environment
- >make your temptation harder to get

2) Operant conditioning
- >positive reinforcement/negative reinforcement

3) Classical conditioning
- >associate the unwanted act with something that would help you out

4) Deprivation
- >remove the object of temptation completely
- >this is problematic however
- >as it can really result in ego depletion

Question 15

What is self concept

Answer 15

• it is how someone thinks about/perceives/evaluates themselves
• > derived from self-esteem and self-efficacy

Question 16

What are the two parts to self concept

Answer 16

-it is existential self and categorical self

Question 17

What is existential self vs categorical self

Answer 17

Existential self

• > most basic part of self concept
• > the sense of being separate and distinct from others
• > awareness that self is constant throughout lfie

Categorical self

• > understand that we exist in a world with others
• > as we grow older, we compare ourselves with others

Question 18

What are the three components to self concept by Carl Rogers

Answer 18

1) self image
- >what we believe we are

2) Self-esteem/self worth
- >how much value we place on ourselves

3) Ideal-self
- >what we wish to aspire

Question 19

What does the social identity theory consist of

Answer 19

1) personal identity
- >things unique to each person like personality traits

2) Social identity
- >includes the groups that you belong to in a community

Question 20

Is it possible to feel self esteem without self worth

Answer 20

-yes

• however, you don’t necessarily feel self worth through high self esteem
• > for example, it is possible to think i am good at something(high self esteem) but yet still not feel convinced that I am loveable and worthy

Question 21

What is the definition of self esteem

Answer 21

-the respect and regard one has for oneself

Question 22

What is the definition of self efficacy

Answer 22

-belief in one’s abilities to succeed in a situation

Question 23

Contrast people with strong self-efficacy from those of weak self-efficacy

Answer 23

Strong

• > people with strong-self efficacy recover quickly from setbacks
• > They rise
• > r=recover, i=interest, s-strong and e=enjoy

Weak

• > people with weak-efficacy can’t handle difficult tasks and situations
• > they FALL
• > f=failures, a=avoid challenges, l=lose confidence and l=lack ability to take on complex tasks

Question 24

What are 4 factors that can affect self-efficacy

Answer 24

1) Mastery of experience
2) Social modelling

3) Social persuasion
- >when someone says something positive to you, it helps overcome the self-doubt

4)Psychological responses

Question 25

Do self efficacy and self esteem match

Answer 25

-no they can be opposites of each other in certain circumstances

Question 26

What was vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive development theory

Answer 26

- it was that children learned actively through hand's on processes - >parents/caregivers/cultural beliefs/language/attitudes are all responsible for development of higher function of learning through scaffolding

Question 27

What are the five stages to Freud's psychosexual theory

Answer 27

1) Oral - >0-1 - >fixation here leads to anger issues 2) Anal - >1-3 - >toilet training 3) Phallic - >3-6 - >this is where the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex come in - >if fixation occurs, then homosexuality may develop 4) Latent - >no focus of libido - >a period of exploration, development of social and communications skills 5) Genital stage - >back on libido - >individual develops strong sexual interests - >focus on the needs of others Old Age Parrots Love Grapes

Question 28

What was meant by the term higher mental function by Vygotsky

Answer 28

- more sophisticated and mental processes - >develops from skillful tutors, models, parents, teachers -note higher mental functions result in independent learning and thinking

Question 29

What are the three requirements for higher mental functions

Answer 29

1) More knowleadgeable other - >a person with a better understanding than the learner 2) Zone of proximal development - >part where most sensitive instuction/guidance should be given 3) Language - >the main means by which adults transmit info to children - >example: private/internal speech

Question 30

What are reference groups

Answer 30

- the groups to which people refer in evaluating themselves | - >constantly looking for external groups that align with beliefs/attitudes/behaviours

Question 31

What are Mead's three stages of social behaviourism as a child grows up

Answer 31

1) Preparatory stage - >imititation - >can't take perspectives of others 2) Play stage - >more aware of social relationships - >do pretend play like pretending to be a firefighter, doctor, etc 3) Game stage - >start to understand the attitudes/beliefs/behaviior of generalized society as a whole

Question 32

What is the I and me in Mead's theory of development

Answer 32

Me= what we learn through interactions with others - >the one who conforms - >societies view I=nonconforming, non-socialized person ->responds to the me

Question 33

What is the concept of looking-glass self

Answer 33

- suggests that the self-concept is influenced by how we perceive that others are viewing us - >based on the looking-glass self, a person who acquires a stigmatized illness is likely to internalize the stigmatization directed against her

Question 34

What is the self-serving bias

Answer 34

- mechanism of preserving our self-esteem - >more common in individualistic cultures - if we succeed it is due to our internal/personal qualities - >but if we fail, it is likely due to something outside of our control

Question 35

What is optimistic bias

Answer 35

-it is a belief that bad things happen to others but not us