KA2

Question 1

what is ATP?

Answer 1

atp is a high energy molecule which transfers energy to synthetic pathways and other cellular processes which require energy. It is composed of adenosine and 3 inorganic phosphates

Question 2

ATP and ADP+Pi

Answer 2

When ATP is broken down into ADP + Pi it releases its energy. (Catabolism)
This energy is released as heat/can also be used for cellular processes such as: muscular contractions, active transport and nerve impulses.
In order to regenerate ATP from ADP and Pi energy is needed, provided by respiration from glucose.

Question 3

respiration definition

Answer 3

a series of enzyme controlled metabolic pathways which release energy from foodstuff to a high energy compound called ATP. Occurs in all 3 domains of life.

Question 4

phosphorylation

Answer 4

enzyme process by which phosphate groups are added to molecules to gain energy

Question 5

redox

Answer 5

losing hydrogens-oxidation
gaining hydrogens eletrons and ions-reduction

Question 6

glycolysis

Answer 6

Occurs in cytoplasm. Doesn’t require co2. Glucose split into 2x pyruvate. Dehydrogenase enzymes, hydrogen ions and electrons are picked up by 2NAD molecules(coenzyme) and become reduced to 2NADH

Question 7

what does net gain of 2ATP mean?

Answer 7

2atp invested but 4 produced

Question 8

citric acid cycle

Answer 8

Occurs in central matrix of mitochondria. Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and an acetyl group. hydrogen ions released and become joined to NAD forming NADH.
Each acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to produce citrate in the citric acid cycle. After enzyme controlled steps oxaloacetate regenerated

Question 9

citric acid cycle continued..

Answer 9

during steps, dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions along with high energy electrons which are then passed to coenzyme NAD to form NADH

Question 10

where does citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 10

in central matrix of mitochondria

Question 11

what does the electron transport chain consist of?

Answer 11

a group of protein molecules attached to the inner membrane of mitochondria. Many of these chains in a cycle

Question 12

ATP synthase

Answer 12

enzyme which provides energy for cells to use through synthesis of atp. Its found in membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 13

synthesis of ATP

Answer 13

to synthesis a bulk of cells ATP requirements, cells use source of electrons to pump positive hydrogen ions across the membrane to form a higher to lower concentration. Return flow of ions rotates part of the membrane protein ATP synthase causing synthesis of ATP from ADP+Pi

Question 14

fermentation

Answer 14

occurs when there is no oxygen to act as a final hydrogen acceptor so hydrogen cannot pass through electron transport chain. Glucose partially broken down, 2ATP produced

Question 15

fermenation in plants

Answer 15

glucose>pyruvate produces carbon dioxide and ethanol

Question 16

fermentation in animals

Answer 16

glucose>pyruvate produces a reversible pathway with lactate

Question 17

what do u measure rate of respiration with?

Answer 17

respirometer

Question 18

calorimeter

Answer 18

instrument used to measure heat energy produced in a given time period. Does this by measuring water temp before and after leaving calorimeter