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kantian ethics knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

a posteriori

A

knwoable with refernec

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2
Q

a priori

A

knowable without reference to experiemce

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3
Q

autonomy

A

self-directed freedom, arriving at moral judgement through reason

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4
Q

good will

A

making a moral choice expresses good will

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5
Q

duty

A

a motive for acting in a certain way which shows moral quality

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6
Q

hypothetical imperative

A

an action which achieves some goal or end

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7
Q

categorical imperitive

A

a command to preform actions that are absolute moral obligations without refernce to other ends

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8
Q

law

A

objective principle, a maxim that can be universalised

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9
Q

maxim

A

a general rule in accordance with which we intend to act

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10
Q

summum bonnum

A

the supreme good that we pursue through moral acts

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11
Q

universaliability ?

A

if an act is right or wrong for one person, then it is right or wrong for anyone in that situationn

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12
Q

noumenal

A

the realm of understanding beyond sense perception

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13
Q

analystic

A

a statement that is true by definition

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14
Q

synthetic

A

a statement that may be true or false but can be demonstrated using experience or sense perceptions

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15
Q

“ought” implies “can”

A

the argument that an act must be possible before ti can be required

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16
Q

person as ends

A

the idea that human being should be treated with dignity and respect , and not as mere objects

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17
Q

what is kingdom of ends

A

a hypothetical or imaginary state where people always act according to the moral rules and treat others as ends

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18
Q

what is postulates ?

A

things that have to be assumed or are basis for reasoning. For Kant, free will, immorality and God have to be postulated in order for morality to make sense.

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19
Q

what is reason ?

A

the ability to work out correct ethical decisions, with which every human is born.This is a key concept in kantian ethics.

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20
Q

what does it say on kants tombstone ?

A

‘Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and steadily we reflect upon them: the starry heavens above me and moral law within me’

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21
Q

what did kant help society do ?

A

helped society move away from divine command / natural law and god based ethics and move towards reason

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22
Q

are kants views a posterioir or a priori ?

A

a priori

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23
Q

are kants views synthetic or analytical ?

A

analystical

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24
Q

are kants views deontological or teleological ?

A

deontological

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25
Q

what is duty ?

A

what you always ought to do . it is what any rational person should do

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26
Q

what are hypothetical imperatives ?

A

moral rules that rely on results ‘If…then…’

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27
Q

what are categorical imperatives ?

A

consistent of moral rules that dont rely on anything ‘Do’ ‘Do Not’ statemtnd

28
Q

what does kant believe when we carry out n action ?

A

he believes we have a rule or maxim in mind

29
Q

What are the three different tests that can be applied to a maxim in order to see if it is a categorical imperative

A

1) formula of the law of nature- universality
2)person as ends
3)kingdom of endswh

30
Q

what is a maxim ?

A

general proposition or rule

31
Q

what does the formula of the law of nature - universality state ?

A

“Act only on that maxim where by which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law”

32
Q

what are the 4 steps of the formula of the law of nature ?

A

1) formulate your maxim
2) recast it as a universal law whereby all people must act in the way you intend to
3)ask if this is conceivable
4) it it could happen ask if you would rationally will it to happen ?would you like to live in this world?

33
Q

what does the person of ends state ?

A

‘Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means but always at the same time as an end’

34
Q

what does the person of ends mean ?

A

treat people as ends, not a means to an ends
treat every interaction with people as though it is the end point do not treat people based on what you get out of it.

35
Q

what does the kingdom of ends state ?

A

‘act as if you were through your maxims a law making member of a kingdom of ends’wh

36
Q

what does the kingdom of ends mean?

A

word which everyone is treated as an end in themselves , not as means to an end.
kant encourgaes us to all act as if we are legislatory members of this kingdom ie. we decide laws.

37
Q

who was phillipa foot ?

A

challenges jant view that morality should be based on a series or categoracial imperitives

38
Q

who was WD Ross ?

A

critical of kant
though he does agree with the concept of deontology and duty
he comes with a list of 7 ‘prima facie’ duties

39
Q

what does kant argue about good will ?

A

the only thing that is truly and intrinsically good is a ‘good will’ and
for all other things- e.g. pleasure, courage, love - there would be a ‘qualification’. there would be a circumstance that we could think of where this was not good
this is not true of good will; this is always good.

40
Q

why is kantian ethics helpful regarding our duty to oursleves as well as to others ?

A

they are rational
the principle of universal law is useful
modern views of justice and rights owe much to kantian ethics
can be seen as secular

41
Q

why is kantian ethics unhelpful regarding our duty to ourselves as well as to others because ?

A

gives no clear guidance
not clear that this is a real moral duty
his kingdom of ends shows his aim to make moral rules for an ideal world.

42
Q

what is a perfect duty ?

A

where our maxim cannot be universalised because a logical contradiction would occur if we were to do so

43
Q

what is the example of keeping promises - perfect duties ?

A

if we were to make a false promise, we promise something but have no intention of carrying out the promise, this is something that logically cannot be universalised as the whole concept of promising relies on the idea that people are telling the truth when they make promises.

44
Q

what is the enlightenment ?

A

intellectual and philosophical movement that valued reason as the source of human knowledge.

45
Q

what is sapare aude ?

A

dare to know (the motto of the enlightenment)

46
Q

what does kant ethics rely on ?

A

the accurate use of human reason

47
Q

what was kants beliefs about our ability to reason ?

A

believes i the power of human beings to reason accurately and to reach answers without the need for external authorities
believes we are autonomous beings - in choosing to follow the moral law or not we are making our own free decisions

48
Q

what is an example of an a posteriori statemtn ?>

A

‘every apple is a fruit’

49
Q

what is an example of an a posteriori statement ?

A

’ it is sunny outside right now’

50
Q

what are postulates ?

A

things that must be assumed for morality to work at all

51
Q

what did kant believe about God ?

A

did not like organsed religion . he thought the only good thing religion had done is stumble upon good ethical rules, such as ‘do not murder’.

52
Q

what were kants three postulates ?

A

1) essential that humans have free will (‘ought implies can’)
2)existence of an afterlife ( to achieve summum bonum)
3)god exists (for justice to occur)

53
Q

what is the summum bonum ?

A

supreme or highest good

54
Q

what is the axe murder dilemma ?

A

an example of a situation in which kantain ethics causes a moral dillemma

55
Q

what does reason govern ?

A

morality

56
Q

if we do the right thing what does this mean to kant ?

A

it is our duyt as rational beings
if we do the wrong thing then we are not just acting immoraly , we are acting irrationaly too.

57
Q

what does kant write in his foundations of the metaphysics of mords ?

A

‘nothing in the world- or out of it!- can possible be conceived that could be called ‘good’ without qualification excpet a GOOD WILL … It isnt what it brings about, its usefullness in achieving some intended end. Rather, good will is good because of how it wills- i.e. it is good in iteslf’

58
Q

what are the three postulates for ?

A

we have to assume they are true if ethics is to be based on reason

59
Q

what is the first formulation of the categorical imperitive ?

A

‘i oight never to act in such a way that I could also will that my maxim shuld become a universal law’

60
Q

what is good willm ?

A

being motivated by duty because it is your duty not because you want too

61
Q

give an example of an hypothetical imperitive ?

A

if you want to make money , you ought to have a job

62
Q

how do we use the three forumlations ?

A

can be used like a checklist to decide whether an action is a categorical or hypothetical imperitive
we should be striving for categorical imperitives at all times to focus on our moral duty
we should not be wasting time on selfish deeds or performing actions just to receive a reward

63
Q

is kantian ethics relevant today - YES ?

A

compatible with many secular, mainstream values
importance of human rights issues have become more and more important

64
Q

is kantian ethics relevant today - NO ?

A

incompatible with some values - such as the principle of summum bonnum

65
Q

what are the strengths of kantian ethics ?

A

very clear and concise
provides one central idea and moral code , eith little ambiguity

66
Q

what are the weakenesses of kant ?

A

strict nature of deontology does not allow for situational differentitation
not all moral decisions can be universalised
neccesitates the existnece of god in order for summum bonum to make sense

RS (16 decks)

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