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Soul,Mind And Body- Knowledge Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What is behaviourism ?

A

Observing human behaviours and believing that our behaviour is influenced by our environment and that we learn all or behaviour

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2
Q

What is category error ?

A

A language problem when things are believed to be part of one category when in fact they belong to another

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3
Q

What is dualism ?

A

The belief that the mind and body work together
You can’t have one without the other

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4
Q

What is materialism ?

A

The only real things are those with matter
An individual is a physical thing and nothing else

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5
Q

What is monism ?

A

The opposite of dualism
We are only one substance

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6
Q

What is the nicene creed ?

A

Statement of belief on what the church believes about the nature of god

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7
Q

What does psyche mean ?

A

Greek term that mean mind

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8
Q

What is reductionism ?

A

Everything can be reduced to a statement about physical bodies

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9
Q

What does scepticism mean ?

A

Doubting the truth of something

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10
Q

What is the soul ?

A

The non physical part of you

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11
Q

What is substance dualism ?

A

There are two substances that exist which are the mental and physical and they are two different substances

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12
Q

What is lockes prince and pauper theory ?

A

There is a prince and a cobbler (shoe maker)
One night the memories and consciousness of the prince are transferred to the cobbler
And the other way round

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13
Q

What is Theseus ship theory ?

A

A ship which keeps being replaced until none of the ship has the original materials
If they kept back all the materials an built another ship , would that be the original ship or a new ship ?

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14
Q

Why is plato a dualist ?

A

He talks about a soul being separate from the body

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the soul according to plato ?

A

Unchanging
Eternal
Non-physical
Possesses knowledge
Simple

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the body according to plato ?

A

Changes
Temporal
Physical
Gives rise to opinions
Made up of parts

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17
Q

What does plato say our bodies are controlled by ?

A

The unreliable and perfect senses , which deceive us

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18
Q

Why does plato think the body is a prison for the soul ?

A

It chains us to our senses
The soul is real and trapped in the body
It longs to escape and return to the world of the forms

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19
Q

What is the analogy of the charioteer and horses ?

A

One of the horses behaves , the thr one doesn’t
The soul works best when the charioteer( or reason ) is in charge
The horses often pull in different directions
Our appetites can lead us to things that are not helpful

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20
Q

What are the three parts of the soul plato ?

A

Reason
Desire
Spirit

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21
Q

What is reason in the soul ?

A

Searches for the truth
Rules the soul

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22
Q

What is desire in platos soul ?

A

Seeking pleasure for yourself

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23
Q

What is spirit in platos soul ?

A

Includes aspects that can be trained such as agressiveness , honour and emotion

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24
Q

Give reasons why plato argues that there is a soul

A

Our soul has witnessed things from th world of th forms , so that is why we cn recognise things as similar

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25
Where was the soul in the past - plato ?
Realm of the forms The soul has knowledge of the forms before being pulled to earth by the appetites
26
Where is the soul in the present ?- plato
Incarnated in the body Experiences all the tension of the conflict between body and soul Body= prison Soul is liberated at death
27
Where will the soul go in the future ? - plato
Will be freed from the body Reincarnated into another body Or eventually return to the realm of the forms
28
What do christians believe about the soul?
God creates the soul It has a beginning God is omnipotent and can destroy anything he wants to Immortality of the soul is a gift from god not something the soul has a right to
29
What do the two horses represent ?
Spirit and the physical appetites
30
What cause does Aristotle believe the body is ?
Material cause
31
What cause does Aristotle believe the soul is ?
Formal cause
32
What does Aristotle believe about the soul ?
Not distinct from the body Can’t be separated from the body Not a simple immortal substance Doesn’t continue when you die
33
How does Aristotle know that there is a soul ?
Used observation and sense experience
34
What is the quote form Aristotle that states the soul is connected to the body ?
“It indubitably follows that the soul is insuperable from the body “
35
What are the three elements of the soul for risotto e ?
Vegetative soul Appetitive soul Intellectual soul
36
What is the vegetative soul ?
Shared with all living things
37
What is the appetitive soul ?
We find out passions and appetites
38
What is the intellectual soul ?
Its the rational part that tells us what decisions to make
39
What is the wax seal example ?
The imprint cannot be separated from the wac , this is like the inseparable body and soul Wax = body In print = soul
40
What is the animal spirit ?
Spirit stuff that fills the arteries and ventricles to move the body according to the descartes model
41
What is dualism ?
The belief that humans are both body and soul and that the two are in fact separate
42
What is the pineal gland ?
The seat of the soul (mind) within the brain according to descartes model
43
What is the soul in descartes model ?
The driving force
44
What is substance dualism ?
Idea that two elements (mind and body )are two wholly different substances
45
Why is the mind completely different to the body ?
Mind is a thinking thing and lacks the usual attributes of physical objects (size , shape , location
46
What is the cogito ?
“I think , therefore i am “
47
What is the cogito supporting ?
Descartes realised that there was fact that he could not doubt . This was the fact that he was there thinking sceptically He is thinking so he is deffo real
48
How was descartes certain that he had a mind ?
He was thinking
49
Why does descartes believe that the mind and body are completely different ?
The body can be split up into parts howeve the mind cannot
50
What did descartes believe about the mind ?
The part of the Jody which had the most concentration of the soul was the pineal gland , which was in the base of the brain From here the soul commanded the body like a marionette
51
Why did descartes chose the pineal gland in his theory ?
It was the only unique element of the brain and so suited the requirements of his theory
52
Was descartes a dualist ?
Yes
53
What is a quote by descartes which shows the body can be split up into parts ?
“The body is by its very nature always divisible , while the mind is utterly indivisible “
54
Why could descartes not doubt hi existence as a thinker /
If h is doubting then he is thinking
55
Who was Daniel dennett ?
Critic of substance dualism Disagrees with the fact that the mind is like a theatre where i am the audience of one He says that the mind and soul do not work in this way
56
Who was Gilbert Ryle ?
Attempts to refute descartes substance dualism He uses the term “ghost in the machine “to describe descartes concept of the mind He says that descartes is guilty of category error
57
What is Gilbert rules best known work ?
The concept of mind (university of Chicago press , 1949)
58
What is the first example that Gilbert Ryle gives about category error?
Someone goes to Cambridge university He looks at the college , the fitzwilliam university and the libraries and so on At the end he asks “so where is the university ?” He is guilty of category. Error cos he assumes that the uni is something separate from all the individual bits which are collectively the uni
59
What is the second example Gilbert Ryle gives about category error ?
A boy watches a military parade He sees the squadrons , platoons , and batteries He then asks where is the division not knowing he has seen it but just in parts
60
What is the third example Gilbert Ryle gives about category error ?
Someone goes to their first game of cricket They see the stumps , bails and the umpire He then asks where is the team spirit ?
61
How is descartes guilty of category error ?
He assumes that sentences about causes , sensation sor events mst be either mental or physical , he presupposes an unjustified assumption that they can’t be both
62
What type of argument is rules rgument ?
It is holistic , it is not a denial of the mental or saying that the mental is just material His philosophy is monist not materialit
63
What does Ryle think the role of a philosopher is the same as ?
A cartographer who maps the territory but does not create it
64
Explain the ghost in the machine ?
The mind is the pilot., the body s the mechanism Ghost is in charge of the machine
65
What is materialism ?
Theory that physical matter is the only reality and that everything , including thought , feeling , mind and will can be explained in terms of matter and physical phenomena
66
What do materialist believe about life after death ?
They are generally against t However some argue for a bodily resurrection
67
What does dennettt think that consciousness really is ?
More likely to be lots of processes in the physical brain
68
What does dennettt argue about materialism ?
There isn’t no place within the mind or brain where thinking , subjective experiences or consciousness happen
69
What is the identity theory ?
Materialists argue that the identity of the person is linked to the physical body When the physical body ends the person ends Emotions , feeling and thoughts come from the brain not the soul
70
What can the identity theory be supported by ?
Scientific research which can point to the modification of mood , behaviour and character by drugs Sugggests that the mental activity is not linked to an immaterial soul
71
Who was john hick ?
Soft materialist Disagrees with plato
72
What does john hick believe ?
We are our bodies BUT our bodies have a spiritual dimension (not a soul )! Mental depends on the body Just because we are material beings does nto mean we are just material beings
73
What evidence do materialists give for there being nothing more than a body ?
Physiologists have scanned brains to track neural activities in the brain which show areas which are used for processing information and remembering experiences.
74
Who is Dawkins ?
A materialist thinner
75
What does Dawkins believe in ?
He rejects any notion of the disembodied soul He finds no empirical evidence that there is a soul He mocks religious believers for supporting a bizarre notion He does acknowledge the mystery of consciousness tho
76
What is soul 1?
(God part f your soul - which Dawkins proving this is wrong) People in the past needed to explain why humans were rational , thinking beings It describes a mystical life force that Dawkins calls “mystic jelly” Dawkins claims that this is not an explanation A separate thing that contains our personality
77
What is soul 2 ?
Our intellect or mental abilities Dawkins believes that it will be explained by scientists soon probably through DNA
78
Why does Dawkins reject the idea of a soul ?
There is little empirical evidence for a soul
79
What is a strength of materialism ?
Brain scanners can detect changes in the brain which shows that the thoughts are caused by physical activities not the soul
80
What are the weaknesses of materialism ?
Even though brain scanners have been used to show physical causes changes in the brain there is no explanation to how changes come about and the intention behind our actions
81
What is behaviourism ?
Sees human thoughts as simply learned behaviours
82
Who was b f skinner ?
The best known behaviourist
83
What is bf skinners view on mental states/souls ?
What we consider mental events are simply learned behaviours
84
How does pavlovas dog link to skinner ?
If you can train a dog , then you can train any human behaviour
85
What does dennett say about skinner ?
Argues that skinner over simplifies human consciousness
86
What is the myth of er?
Soldier called er died on the battlefield On the 12th day he rose from the dead He told everyone about the afterlife There are judges who send the good upwards and the bad souls go downwards They got to choose new lives and the ones punished chose more wiser than the ones who had ben rewarded They then drink special liquid to forget the previous life
87
Who is a non materialist monist ?
Elizabeth and Combe
88
What does Elizabeth anscombe believe ?
We need both parts of our mind and body The soul gives actions and body meaning We need the body to act and the soul to explain why it does these acts
89
What example does Elizabeth anscombe use ?
Chess piece “I am pointing at the chess piece because…. The pointing is th body and the explanation behind it is the soul Both are always needed !
90
What does Susan Blackmore believe
Regards consciousness as a delusion because when we describe being conscious or thinking , we are looking for something extra that doesn’t exist she says we use the soul metaphorically She says that scientists will probably able to classify brain patterns to identify what we call as consciousness

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