Kapitel 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Traveling wave of electrical excitation caused by rapid - transient - self-propagating depolarization of the plasma membrane in a neuron or other excitable cell; also called a nerve impulse.

A

action potential

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2
Q

The movement of a solute across a membrane against its electrochemical gradient; requires an input of energy - such as that provided by ATP hydrolysis.

A

active transport

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3
Q

Long - thin extension that conducts electrical signals away from a nerve cell body toward remote target cells.

A

axon

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4
Q

An active transporter that uses energy supplied by ATP hydrolysis to actively expel Ca2+ from the cell cytosol.

A

Ca2+ pump

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5
Q

A protein that forms a hydrophilic pore across a membrane - through which selected small molecules or ions can passively diffuse.

A

channel

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6
Q

Active transporter that uses the movement of one solute down its electrochemical gradient to drive the uphill transport of another solute across the same membrane.

A

coupled pump

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7
Q

Short - branching structure that extends from the surface of a nerve cell and receives signals from other neurons.

A

dendrite

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8
Q

A shift in the membrane potential - making it less negative.

A

depolarization

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9
Q

Driving force that determines which way an ion will move across a membrane; consists of the combined influence of the ion’s concentration gradient and the membrane potential.

A

electrochemical gradient

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10
Q

Transmembrane protein that forms a pore across the lipid bilayer through which specific inorganic ions can diffuse down their electrochemical gradients.

A

ion channel

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11
Q

Ion channel permeable to K + that randomly flickers between an open and closed state; largely responsible for the resting membrane potential in animal cells.

A

K + leak channel

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12
Q

An ion channel that is stimulated to open by the binding of a small molecule such as a neurotransmitter.

A

ligand-gated channel

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13
Q

An ion channel that allows the passage of select ions across a membrane in response to a physical perturbation.

A

mechanically gated channel

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14
Q

Voltage difference across a membrane due to a slight excess of positive ions on one side and of negative ions on the other.

A

membrane potential

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15
Q

Any transmembrane protein that provides a passageway for the movement of select substances across a cell membrane.

A

membrane transport protein

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16
Q

Transporter found in the plasma membrane of most animal cells that actively pumps Na+ out of the cell and K+ in using the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis.

A

Na+ pump (sodium pump)

17
Q

An equation that relates the concentrations of an inorganic ion on the two sides of a permeable membrane to the membrane potential at which there would be no net movement of the ion across the membrane.

A

Nernst equation

18
Q

Structure at the end of an axon that signals to another neuron or target cell.

A

nerve terminal

19
Q

An electrically excitable cell that integrates and transmits information as part of the nervous system; a nerve cell.

A

neuron

20
Q

Small signaling molecule secreted by a nerve cell at a synapse to transmit information to a postsynaptic cell. Examples include acetylcholine - glutamate - GABA - and glycine.

A

neurotransmitter

21
Q

Technique that uses light to control the activity of neurons into which light-gated ion channels have been artificially introduced.

A

optogenetics

22
Q

Passive movement of water across a cell membrane from a region where the concentration of water is high (because the concentration of solutes is low) to a region where the concentration of water is low (and the concentration of solutes is high).

A

osmosis

23
Q

The spontaneous movement of a solute down its concentration gradient across a cell membrane via a membrane transport protein - such as a channel or a transporter.

A

passive transport

24
Q

Technique used to monitor the activity of ion channels in a membrane; involves the formation of a tight seal between the tip of a glass electrode and a small region of cell membrane - and manipulation of the membrane potential by varying the concentrations of ions in the electrode.

A

patch-clamp recording

25
Q

A transporter that actively moves H+ across a cell membrane - thereby generating a gradient that can be used by the cell - for example - to import other solutes.

A

proton (H+) pump

26
Q

Transporter that uses a source of energy - such as ATP hydrolysis or sunlight - to actively move a solute across a membrane against its electrochemical gradient.

A

pump

27
Q

Voltage difference across the plasma membrane when a cell is not stimulated.

A

resting membrane potential

28
Q

A transporter that transfers two different solutes across a cell membrane in the same direction.

A

symport

29
Q

Specialized junction where a nerve cell communicates with another cell (such as a nerve cell - muscle cell - or gland cell) - usually via a neurotransmitter secreted by the nerve cell.

A

synapse

30
Q

The ability of a synapse to adjust its strength for a prolonged period - either up or down - depending on its use; thought to play an important role in learning and memory.

A

synaptic plasticity

31
Q

Small membrane-enclosed sac filled with neurotransmitter that releases its contents by exocytosis at a synapse.

A

synaptic vesicle

32
Q

Transmembrane receptor protein or protein complex that opens in response to the binding of a neurotransmitter - allowing the passage of a specific inorganic ion; its activation can trigger an action potential in a postsynaptic cell.

A

transmitter-gated ion channel

33
Q

Membrane transport protein that moves a solute across a cell membrane by undergoing a series of conformational changes.

A

transporter

34
Q

Force exerted on a plant cell wall when water enters the cell by osmosis; keeps plant from wilting.

A

turgor pressure

35
Q

Protein that selectively allows particular ions to cross a membrane in response to a change in membrane potential. Found mainly in electrically excitable cells such as nerve and muscle cells.

A

voltage-gated ion channel

36
Q

Protein in the plasma membrane of electrically excitable cells that opens in response to membrane depolarization - allowing Na+ to enter the cell. It is responsible for action potentials in these cells.

A

voltage-gated Na+ channel

37
Q

Type of coupled transporter that transfers two different ions or small molecules across a membrane in opposite directions - either simultaneously or in sequence.

A

antiport

38
Q

See Na+ pump

A

sodium pump

39
Q

Channel protein that permits the passage of selected ions - such as Na+ - across a membrane in response to changes in the membrane potential. Found primarily in electrically excitable cells such as nerve and muscle.

A

voltage-gated channel