Kapitel 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

The ability of differentiated cells and their descendants to maintain their identity.

A

cell memory

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2
Q

Describes the way in which groups of transcription regulators work together to regulate the expression of a single gene.

A

combinatorial control

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3
Q

Process by which a cell undergoes a progressive - coordinated change to a more specialized cell type - brought about by large-scale changes in gene expression.

A

differentiation

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4
Q

The enzymatic addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases in DNA; this covalent modification generally turns off genes by attracting proteins that block gene expression.

A

DNA methylation

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5
Q

The transmission of a heritable pattern of gene expression from one cell to its progeny that does not involve altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA.

A

epigenetic inheritance

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6
Q

Somatic cell that has been reprogrammed to resemble and behave like a pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell through the artificial introduction of a set of genes encoding particular transcription regulators.

A

induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS cell)

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7
Q

Class of RNA molecules more than 200 nucleotides in length that does not encode proteins.

A

long noncoding RNA

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8
Q

Small noncoding RNA that controls gene expression by base-pairing with a specific mRNA to regulate its stability and its translation.

A

microRNA (miRNA)

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9
Q

Cell capable of giving rise to any of the specialized cell types in the body.

A

pluripotent stem cell

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10
Q

An important form of regulation in which the end product of a reaction or pathway stimulates continued activity; controls a variety of biological processes - including enzyme activity - cell signaling - and gene expression.

A

positive feedback loop

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11
Q

Regulation of gene expression that occurs after transcription of the gene has begun; examples include RNA splicing and RNA interference.

A

post-transcriptional control

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12
Q

DNA sequence to which a transcription regulator binds to determine when - where - and in what quantities a gene is to be transcribed into RNA.

A

regulatory DNA sequence

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13
Q

RNA molecule that plays a role in controlling gene expression.

A

regulatory RNA

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14
Q

Gene encoding a protein whose activity is easy to monitor experimentally; used to study the expression pattern of a target gene or the localization of its protein product.

A

reporter gene

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15
Q

Cellular mechanism activated by double-stranded RNA molecules that results in the destruction of RNAs containing a similar nucleotide sequence. It is widely exploited as an experimental tool for preventing the expression of selected genes (gene silencing).

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

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16
Q

Short length of RNA produced from double-stranded RNA during the process of RNA interference. It base-pairs with identical sequences in other RNAs - leading to the inactivation or destruction of the target RNA.

A

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

17
Q

Protein that binds specifically to a regulatory DNA sequence and is involved in controlling whether a gene is switched on or off.

A

transcription regulator

18
Q

A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to permit transcription of an adjacent gene.

A

transcriptional activator

19
Q

A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to prevent transcription of an adjacent gene.

A

transcriptional repressor

20
Q

A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to permit transcription of an adjacent gene.

A

activator

21
Q

Regulatory DNA sequence to which transcription regulators bind - influencing the rate of transcription of a gene that may be many thousands of base pairs away.

A

enhancer

22
Q

A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to prevent transcription of an adjacent gene.

A

repressor

23
Q

In bacteria - a transcription regulator that - in the presence of tryptophan - shuts off production of the tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes by binding to the promoter region that controls expression of those genes.

A

tryptophan repressor