KCP 2 Oedema

Question 1

Free water is formed in

Answer 1

Thick ascending loop

Question 2

For formation of free water, what is required in CD?

Answer 2

AQP2

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Question 3

Main function of principal cells in cortical collecting duct

Answer 3

Secretion of K+

Question 4

Main regulator of plasma osmolarity

Answer 4

ADH

Question 5

What ion is both secreted and reabsorbed by nephron

Answer 5

K+

Question 6

A nurse withdraws a blood sample for a complete blood count. The blood drawn into the syringe has separated into a liquid and a solid portion. What is the term for the liquid portion?

Answer 6

Serum

Question 7

Plasma in blood is

Answer 7

Serum+coagulation factors

Question 8

What are signs of hypovolemia?

Answer 8

Hypotension and tachycardia

Question 9

To treat hypovolemia, one needs to

Answer 9

Increase Intravascular volume without disturbing fluid shifts and electrolytes balances

Question 10

Hypovolemic patients are treated with

Answer 10

Isotonic fluid made of small water-soluble molecules such as normal saline (0.9% NaCl) or lactated ringer’s solution

Question 11

Where does tubular reabsorption primarily occur?

Answer 11

PCT

Question 12

What is the main purpose of tubular reabsorption?

Answer 12

Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 13

What is the primary purpose of tubular secretion?

Answer 13

Excrete waste products

Question 14

Congestive heart failure means body has accumulated too many potassium ions, what is expected in the kidneys?

Answer 14

Increased urinary potassium
as RAAS is stimulated and aldosterone is released to excrete K. aldosterone primarily promotes the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium in the kidneys

Question 15

Bilateral pitting pedal and ankle oedema. Cardiac exam shows a widely split S2 that varies with respiration. An ECG shows right bundle branch block. What is the most likely aetiology of the patient’s lower extremity oedema?

Answer 15

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 16

Colicky abdominal pain and vomiting. Redness and swelling of face and lips without pruritus. All these began after a tooth extraction. Non tender facial oedema, erythema of oral mucosa, enlarged tongue. There is tenderness to palpation over the lower quadrants of abdomen. Thickening of intestinal wall. The cause?

Answer 16

Complement inhibitor deficiency.
More specifically, C1 inhibitor deficiency due to hereditary angiodema. Deficiency in C1results in high lvl of bradykinin (strong vasodilator).