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CR3 > Vitamin & Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamin & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins are chemically unrelated organic compounds & cannot be synthesised by the human body. It is divided into

A

Water soluble vitamins
Fat soluble vitamins

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2
Q

Water soluble vitamins are

A

Precursors of coenzymes (+ Vit K)
Divided into non-B complex and B complex

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3
Q

Non-B complex water soluble vitamin is

A

Ascorbic acid/vit C

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4
Q

B complex water soluble vitamins are

A

energy releasing
Thiamine/b1
Riboflavin/b2
Niacin/b3
Biotin/b7
Pantothenic acid
hematopoietic
Folic acid
Vit b12
other
Pyridoxine/b6
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine

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5
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are

A

ADEK

A (retinol, beta-carotenes)
D (cholecalciferol)
E(tocopherol)
K (phylloquines, menaquinones)

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6
Q

Deficiency of Thiamine/B1
(Thiamine pyrophosphate TPP is coenzyme)

A

Decreased ATP
Impaired cellular function

beri-beri
1. Adult beri-beri
a) dry: non-specific peripheral neuropathy
b) wet: oedema due to cardiac dysfunction
2. Infantile beri-beri: in nursing infants whose mothers are deficient

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7
Q

Deficiency in riboflavin/B2
Biologically active forms:
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

A

Dermatitis
Cheilosis
Glossitis

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8
Q

Deficiency in niacin/b3
Biologically active forms:
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

A

Pellagra:
3Ds- Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia

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9
Q

Deficiency in Pantothenate/b5
-a component of CoA

A

Dermatitis
Alopecia/hair loss
Adrenal insufficency

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10
Q

Deficiency in Pyridoxine/b6
Precursors of active coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) for many enzymes

A

Clinical indications:
isoniazid-treat TB, can induce B6 deficiency by forming an inactive derivative with pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Deficiency: angular cheilosis嘴角破, glossitis, convulsion & hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy

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11
Q

Deficiency in Biotin/b7

A

Does not occur naturally
Dermatitis, glossitis, loss of appetite, nausea

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12
Q

Deficiency in folic acid/folate/b9

A

A key role in one-carbon metabolism
Most common vitamin deficiency among pregnant women and alcoholics

source: leafy dark green veg

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13
Q

Types of nutritional anemias
(Caused by inadequate intake of one/more essential nutrients, classify according to the size of the RBCs or mean corpuscular volume MCV)

A

Microcytic (MCV<80)
-deficiency in iron, pyridoxine, ascorbate
Normocytic (MCV=80-100)
-protein- energy malnutrition
Macrocyclic/megaloblastic anaemias(MCV>100):
-deficiency in vitamin B12 & b9 folate
-due to low purine and TMP thymidine monophosphate
-inability of RBC precursors/megaloblast to make DNA
-cannot cell divide
-accumulation of large immature megaloblast in bone marrow and blood

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14
Q

Deficiency in B9 in pregnancy

A

Neural tube defects in foetus
*need to give folic acid supplementation before conception and during the 1st trimester
*0.4mg/day for all women of childbearing age

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15
Q

Deficiency in cobalamin/b12

A

Neurological manifestations
pernicious anemia:autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells that are responsible for the synthesis of intrinsic factor

source: only found in animals, not present in plants

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16
Q

Absorption of cobalamin/b12

A

B12 is released from food in the acidic environment of stomach.
Malabsorption of vit b12 in elderly is due to reduced secretion of gastric acid.

17
Q

Functions of ascorbic acid/vit C

A

-reducing agent
-coenzymes in hydroxylation (proline & lysine) of collagen [maintenance of normal connective tissue & wound healing]
-reduces ferric iron to ferrous form->facilitate the absorption of dietary iron from intestine

18
Q

Deficiency in ascorbic acid/vit C

A

Scurvy: sore spongy gum, loose teeth, haemorrhage, swollen joints, fatigue, impaired wound healing, microcytic anemia caused by decreased absorption of iron

19
Q

Antioxidants such as ? can decrease incidence of some chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease and certain cancers

A

Vit C
Vit E
Beta-carotene

20
Q

Functions of vit A

A

Retinoids- vision, reproduction, growth, maintenance of epithelial tissues, immune function

21
Q

Structures in Vit A

A

retinol: in animal foods as as retinyl ester
retinal: aldehyde, from [O] of retinol ->vision
retinoic acid:acid, from [O] of retinal ->most actions of retinoids except vision
beta-carotene:in plants, can be split to make two retinal

22
Q

Sources of vit A

A

Preformed vit A: Egg yolk, butter
Precursors of vit A (carotene): yellow, orange, dark green veg and fruits

23
Q

Deficiency in Vit A

A

1.Night blindness
2.Infectious diseases
3.Blindness: xerophthalmia(dryness of conjunctiva & cornea) ->untreated will from cornea ulceration, formation of opaque scar tissue and blindness
4.keratinisation: rough, dry, scaly skin
5.toxicity/ hypervitaminosis A :due to consumption of excessive amount of b-carotene/preformed vit A
6.birth defects like teratogenic in fetus

24
Q

Sources of vit D

A

Vit D has hormone-like function
Sources:
Endogenous
Diet- fatty fish, liver, egg yolk

25
Q

Main functions of vit D

A

Increase uptake of Ca in intestine
Minimise loss of Ca by kidney by increase re absorption
Stimulate resorption/ demineralisation of bone

26
Q

Deficiency in Vit D

A

Rickets in children
Osteomalacia in adults

27
Q

Toxicity of vit D seen with use of supplements

A

Hypercalcemia:
Deposition of Ca in many organs like arteries and kidneys

28
Q

Function of vit E/alpha-tocopherol

A

Antioxidant

29
Q

Sources of vit E/ alpha-tocopherol

A

Veg oil
Liver
Eggs

30
Q

Vit K serves as

A

-Coenzymes in post translations modification of many protein
-hepatic synthesis of blood clotting proteins, prothrombin (factor II), factor VII, IX, X

31
Q

Sources of vit K

A

Cabbage, kale, spinach, egg yolk, liver
Extensive synthesis by bac in gut

32
Q

Minerals are divided into

A

Major elements/ Macrominerals: daily requirement >100mg
Trace elements : <100mg/day

33
Q

Macrominerals are

A

Calcium
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulphur

Ca Mei NaKCl PS

34
Q

Trace elements are

A

Iron
Zinc
Chromium
Copper
Iodine
Manganese
Selenium
Molybdenum
Fluorise

CR3 (5 decks)

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