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Spring Semester KINESIOLOGY > Keough Chapter 2 - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Keough Chapter 2 - Exam 1 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

More energy is used_____

A

For locomotion and movement done for any other purpose of the body

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2
Q

Movement is a…

A

Fundamental behavior essential for life itself

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3
Q

For muscle tissue to contract, the muscle…

A

Must be connected to a nervous system

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4
Q

The human skeleton provides…

A

Support as well as allows movement at joints

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5
Q

On average muscle tissue makes up…

A

40% to 50% of the body weight and humans

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6
Q

CNS brain and spinal cord

A

Motor neurons = UMN

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7
Q

PNS all neural tissue outside of the CNS

A

Motor neurons = LMN

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates functions of vital organs innervates smooth/cardiac muscles and glands

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9
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent, transmit sensation info from body to brain

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10
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent, carries motor info from brain to muscles making muscle contraction

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11
Q

Spinal nerves, cell bodies are located in…

A

Anterior horn (ventural horn) of the gray matter in SC

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12
Q

Injury to CNS upper motor neuron

A 
Spastic paralysis
hypertonia
minimal to no atrophy
hyperreflexia
clonus
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13
Q

Injury to PNS lower motor neuron

A

Flaccid paralysis
hypotonia
significant atrophy
hyporeflexia

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14
Q

Sympathetic system

A

Fight or flight system

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15
Q

Vasodilation

A

Increases blood flow to an organ or system

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16
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decreases blood flow to an organ or system

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17
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

Rest and digest system

maintains homeostasis in body 

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18
Q

Autonomic regulation is controlled by…

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

CNS, levels of control - Cerebral or motor cortex

A

Voluntary movement

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20
Q

CNS, levels of control – basal ganglia

A

-Initian and inhibition of movement -initiation of thought and emotion -damage causes dyskinesias

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21
Q

CNS, cerebellum

A

Coordinated movements, timing, intensity and refinement

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22
Q

CNS, brainstem

A

Integration of CNS, muscle tone, respiration

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23
Q

CNS, spinal cord

A

Integrates reflexes and higher level activity

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24
Q

Dyskinesis…

A

Disease resulting from dopamine excess

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25
Dystonia
Recurrent muscle spasms
26
Akathesia
Severe body restlessness and strong compulsion to move
27
Hemiballism
Rapid ballistic flinging movements of the limbs
28
Athetoid
Slow writhing movements
29
Chorea
Rapid jerky arrhythmic movements
30
Damage to the cerebellum results in…
Ataxia (uncoordinated movement)
31
Dysdiadochokinesia- damaged cerebellum
Difficulty doing rapid alternating movements
32
Past pointing – damaged cerebellum
Overshooting a target
33
Phrenic nerve…
Innervates the diaphragm
34
Medulla oblongata…
Detect motor errors and is involved with motor learning
35
Medulla oblongata gotta connected to spinal cord segments…
C3– C5 that forms the phrenic nerve
36
Functions of the brain, generating movement that is functional and coordinated…
Voluntary movement | controlled efficient movements, purposeful motion
37
Four major nerve plexuses, cervical
Spinal nerves C1- C5
38
Spinal nerves C1 – C5 responsible for…
Swallowing and speech | diaphragm (breathing)
39
Four major nerve plexus, brachial
Composed of spinal roots from C5 to T1
40
Four major nerve plexus, lumbosacral
Composed of spinal rates from L1-S3
41
Five major branches of brachial plexus, musculocutaneous
Anterior arm, elbow flexors
42
Five major branches of brachial plexus, median
Anterior forearm, wrist flexors, thenar eminence
43
Five major branches of brachial plexus, ulnar
Intrinsic muscles of hand
44
Five major branches of brachial plexus, axillary
Deltoid, teres minor
45
Five major branches of brachial plexus, radial
Elbow extensors, wrist extensors
46
Cardio pulmonary system supports the muscular system by…
Delivering oxygen and removing waste like CO2
47
Muscular system supports the cardio pulmonary system by?
Muscle contraction aid blood flow
48
COPD results in?
Fatigue, less energy, decreased function
49
Skeletal muscle functions?
``` Voluntary movement stability against gravity degree of protection support structure makes body heat ```
50
Muscle roles #1 Agonists
A.k.a. prime movers can be eccentric or concentric contraction causes movement a joint
51
Muscle roles #2 antagonists
Muscles with actions opposite those of the agonist | deceleration to help control movement
52
Muscle rolls #3 coactivation
A.k.a. Co-contraction | simultaneous action of agonist and antagonist to provide stability
53
Muscle rolls #4 Neutralizers
Muscles that prevent unwanted accessory actions or cancel out multiple actions by same muscle
54
Muscle rolls #5 stabilizers
A.k.a. fixators | muscles that surround a joint or body part to stabilize joint against unwanted movement
55
Muscle rolls #6 Synergists
Are not prime movers but assist the agonist in the motion
56
Motor unit equals?
One motor neuron and a muscle fibers innervated by it
57
Muscle cell equals?
Muscle fiber
58
What is Fasciculus?
Bundle of several muscle fibers together
59
What is a sarcomere?
Contractile unit in muscle fiber/myofibril
60
Isometric
No change in muscle winks or joint angle, static
61
Isotonic
Links of muscle changes causing change in joint angle, dynamic
62
Isotonic contractions; concentric
Muscle shortened joint angle decreases overcomes resistance
63
Isotonic contractions, eccentric
Muscle lengthens under stress deceleration | allow for slow smooth movements
64
Contractility
Ability to shorten
65
Extensibility
Ability to be stretched/LinkedIn
66
Elasticity
Ability to return to original length
67
Irritability
Ability to respond to a stimulus
68
What is excursion ratio?
Difference of how long muscle is when stretched V.S. how long it is when contracted RATIO IS 2:1
69
Muscle fiber arrangement: pennate (feather)
Shorter fibers | favor force
70
Muscle fiber arrangement; parallel
Longer fibers favor ROM  run length of muscle
71
Pennate; Unipennate
Extensor digitorum longus
72
Pennate; Bipennate
Rectus femoris
73
Pennate; multipennate
Deltoid
74
Parallel; flat
Thin, broad muscles | example rectus abdominis
75
Parallel; fusiform
Spindle shaped with wider belly in middle and thin ends example biceps brachii
76
Parallel; strap
Uniform in diameter and longer than other muscles example satorius
77
Parallel; radiate
Fan shaped or irregular example gluteus maximus
78
Parallel; sphincter
Circular - muscles that surround openings example Obiculus Oris
79
Origin of muscle
Where muscle begins usually proximal
80
Insertion of muscle
Where muscle ends/attaches | usually distal
81
Skeletal articulations; synarthrodial
Immovable such as suture joints in skull
82
Skeletale articulations; Amphiarthrodial
Limited movement cartilaginous pubic symphysis
83
Skeletal articulations; diarthrodial (synovial)
Freely movable | majority of joints in body are of this type
84
Axial skeleton
Skull vertebral column ribs sternum
85
Appendicular skeleton
Shoulder girdle pelvis girdle UEs LEs
86
Bony marking; crest
Linear elevation, ridge, narrow example iliac crest of pelvis
87
Bony marking; epicondyle
Rounded projection proximal to condyle Example lateral and medial epicondyle of the humerus
88
Bony marking; process
Any notable projection example Olecranon process
89
Bony marking; spine
Sharp elevation or projection, slender example spine of the scapula 
90
Bony marking; trochanter
Very large projection, rounded or blunt example greater trochanter a femur
91
1° of freedom
Most stability | moves in one plane around one axis example hinge
92
2° of freedom
moves 2 planes around two axis example metacarpal phalangeal joints of fingers
93
3° of freedom
Most mobility moves 3 planes around 3 axis example ball and socket
94
Type of joint; ball and socket
Example hip and shoulder joints
95
Type of joint; hinge
Example elbow and knee
96
Type of joint; saddle
Example thumb CMC joint
97
Type of joint; pivot
Example radioilnar joint
98
Type of joint; gliding 
Example carpal bones
99
Type of joint condyloid/ellipsoidal
Example MCP joints 2–5
100
 sagittal plane/frontal axis
Flexion and extension
101
Frontal plane/sagittal axis
Abduction and adduction
102
Transverse plane/vertical axis
Internal rotation and external rotation

Spring Semester KINESIOLOGY (5 decks)

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