Key Associations Flashcards
Given the disease/finding provide the most common/important association (134 cards)
1
Q
Primary liver cancer
A
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)
2
Q
Congenital cardiac anomaly
A
VSD
3
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
A
Atherosclerosis
4
Q
Hypercoagulabilty, endothelial damage, blood stasis
A
Virchow’s triad (results in venous thrombosis)
5
Q
Gynecologic malignancy
A
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
6
Q
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
A
Eisenmenger’s syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
7
Q
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
A
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
8
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
9
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medullablastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
10
Q
SIADH
A
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
11
Q
Vitamin deficiency (US)
A
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores on 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
12
Q
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
A
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
13
Q
t(9;22)
A
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
14
Q
Sexually transmitted disease
A
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
15
Q
Primary bone tumor (adults)
A
Multiple myeloma
16
Q
Primary hyperparathyroidism
A
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
17
Q
Helminth infection (US)
A
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
18
Q
Hypertension, 2o
A
Renal disease
19
Q
t(8;14)
A
Burkitt’s lymphoma (c-myc activation)
20
Q
Hemochromatosis
A
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes”, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
21
Q
Chronic arrhythmia
A
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
22
Q
Cardiac manifestations of lupus
A
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
23
Q
Heart murmur, congenital
A
Mitral valve prolapse
24
Q
Hereditary bleeding disorder
A
von Willebrand’s disease
25
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
26
Type of Hodgkin's lymphoma
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
27
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
28
UTI
*E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus* (young women)
29
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
30
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adeoncarcinoma (US)
31
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
32
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
33
Type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Diffuse large cell
34
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic "acidiophilic" adenoma
35
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
36
Cushing's syndrome
- Iatrogenic Cushing's (from corticosteroid therapy) - Adrenocortical adeonoma (secretes excess cortisol) - ACTH-secreting pituitary adeonoma (Cushing's disease) -Paraneoplastic Cushing's (due to ACTH scretion from tumors)
37
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
38
Constrictive pericarditis
Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematous (developed world)
39
Neuron migration failure
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and ansomia)
40
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
41
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
42
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
43
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
44
Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
45
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
46
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
47
Patient with ALL / CLL / AML / CML
- ALL: child
- CLL: adult \> 60
- AML: adult ~ 65
- CML: adult 30-60
48
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
49
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
50
Dementia
Alzheimer's disease, multiple infarcts
51
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
H. Pylori
52
Nosocomial pneumonia
*Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
53
Malignancy (kids)
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
54
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES (diethylstilbestrol) exposure in utero
55
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
56
Metastases to liver
Colon \>\> stomach, pancreas
57
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
58
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilibrubinemia)
59
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn's disease)
60
Osteomyelitis
*S. aureus*
61
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast \> lung \> thyroid,testes
62
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
*Pneumocystis jirovecii* (formely *carinii*) pneumonia
63
Aneurysm, dissecting
Hypertension
64
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
65
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
*S. aureus, B. cereus*
66
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
67
Metastases to brain
Lung \> breast \> genitourinary \> osteosarcoma \> melanoma \> GI
68
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
Marfan's syndrome (idiopathic medial degeneration)
69
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
70
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
71
Dietary deficit
Iron
72
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
73
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
74
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
75
Kidney stones
- Calcium = radiopaque
- Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as *Proteus vulgarism* or *Staphylococcus*)
- Uric acid = radiolucent
76
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
77
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphoma (bcl-2 activation)
78
Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
79
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral\>aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
80
Breast tumor (benign)
Fibroadenoma
81
Infection 2o to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
82
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
83
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
84
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
85
Cretinism
Iodine deficit / hypothyroidism
86
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing's ulcer (increase ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
87
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
88
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD\>RCA\>LCA
89
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
90
Hematoma-subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
91
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
92
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta \> coronary artery \> popliteal artery \> carotid artery
93
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
94
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
95
Compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type 1: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
96
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
97
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
98
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
99
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
100
Cardiac 1o tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
101
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
*Salmonella*
102
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
103
Acute gastric ulcer associated with sever burns
Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
104
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
105
Benign melanocytic nevus
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
106
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
107
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
108
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids
Group B streptococcus (newborns); *Streptococcus pneumoniae / Neisseria meningitidis* (kids)
109
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
110
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
111
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
112
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
113
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
114
Aortic aneurysm, arch
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
115
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
116
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
117
Pelvic inflammatory disease
*Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoease*
118
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
119
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: metastasis\>astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme)\>meningioma\>schwannoma
120
Primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45, XO)
121
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
122
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin's lymphoma
123
Mental retardation
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
124
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
125
Hematoma-epidural
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (lentiform shaped)
126
Breast cancer
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the US, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
127
Lysosomal storage disorder
Gaucher's disease
128
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
129
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, 1o myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve")
130
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor)
131
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, opthalmoplegia, and confusion)
132
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
*Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus* (catalase positive)
133
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
134
Death in CML
Blast crisis
