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NBME > Classic Labs/Findings > Flashcards

Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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2
Q

Anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

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3
Q

Decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality

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4
Q

Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)

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5
Q

Azurophilic peroxidase-positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts

A

Auer rods (acute myelogenous leukemia [AML], especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)

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6
Q

“Wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy

A

Lupus nephropathy

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7
Q

Stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

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8
Q

Podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy

A

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

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9
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)

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10
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“Owl’s eye” appearance of CMV

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11
Q

Degeneration of dorsal column nerves

A

Tabes dorsalis (3o syphilis), subacute combine degeneration (dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts affected)

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12
Q

“Honeycomb lung: on x-ray or CT

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

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13
Q

Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

Senile plaques (Alzheimer’s disease)

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14
Q

Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

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15
Q

Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman’s triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)

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16
Q

“Hair on end” (crew cut) appearance on x-ray

A

Beta-thalassemia, sickly cell anemia (marrow expansion)

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17
Q

Eosinophilic globule in liver

A

Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)

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18
Q

Novobiocin response

A

Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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19
Q

Bloody tap on lumbar puncture (LP)

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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20
Q

Bacitracin response

A

Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)

Resistant: Streptococcus agalacticae (group B)

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21
Q

“Thumb sign” on lateral x-ray

A

Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

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22
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

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23
Q

“Spikes” on basement membrane, “dome like” sub epithelial deposits

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)

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24
Q

“Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

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25
Tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
26
"Boot shaped" heart on x-ray
Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
27
Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
Chagas' disease (*Trypanosoma cruzi*)
28
Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)
29
Colonies of mucoid *Pseudomonas* in lungs
Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
30
Anti-IgG antibodies
Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)
31
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages ("starry sky" histology)
Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; "black sky' made up of malignant cells)
32
"Bamboo spine" on x-ray
Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
33
Rib notching
Coarction of the aorta
34
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
35
Intranuclear eosinophlic droplet-like bodies
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)
36
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
37
WBC casts in urine
Acute pyelonephritis
38
Antiplatelet antibodies
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
39
Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neruofibrils
Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
40
Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
41
"Lumpy bump" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)
42
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegner's; cANCA positive) and Goodpasture's syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
43
Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
44
"Onion skin" periosteal reaction
Ewings sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
45
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
46
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease) and Pick's bodies (Pick's disease)
47
"Brown" tumor of bone
Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)
48
Increased uric acid levels
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
49
Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
1o biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
50
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
51
"Lead pipe" appearance of colon on barium enema x-ray
Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
52
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse system scleroderma
53
Heart nodules (granulomatous)
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
54
High levels of D-dimers
DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC
55
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)
56
Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)
57
Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
58
RBC casts in urine
Acute glomerulonephritis
59
Monoclonal antibody spike
- Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA) - Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS): normal consequence of aging - Waldenstrom's (M protein=IgM) macroglobulinemia - Primary amyloidosis
60
Yellowish CSF
Xanthochromia (e.g. due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)
61
Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray
"String sign" (Crohn's disease)
62
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)
63
hCG elevated
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
64
Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
65
Polished, "ivory like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
66
Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
Pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner's syndrome)
67
Renal epithelial casts in urine
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
68
"Nutmeg" appearance of liver
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
69
Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Gout (monosodium urate crystals)
70
Mammary gland ("blue domed") cyst
Fibrocystic change of the breast
71
Thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
72
Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
73
Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn's syndrome
74
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
75
Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Glioblastoma multiforme
76
"Waxy" casts with very low urine flow
Chronic end-stage renal disease
77
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS
Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma
78
Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
79
"Apple core" lesion on abdominal x-ray
Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)
80
Optochin response
Sensitive: *Streptococcus pneumoniae* Resistant: Viridians streptococcus
81
Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye")
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin's lymphoma)
82
Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
83
"Tenis racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles seen in Langerhans cells on electron microscopy
Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
84
Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
Trousseau's syndrome (adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or lung)
85
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
"Clue cells" (Gardnerella vaginalis)
86
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion of liver cell
Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
87
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
88
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
"Orphan Annie's eyes" nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
89
Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Ghon complex (1o TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)
90
"Chocolate cyst" of ovary
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
91
Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)
92
WBCs that looked "smudged"
CLL (almost always B cell)
93
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
94
Heterophile antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
95
Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
96
Antihistone antibodies
Drug-induced SLE (hydrazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
97
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
98
Hypochromic, normocytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)
99
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
Vasculitis (c-ANCA: granulomatosis with polyangiitis [Wegner's]; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome)
100
Lytic ("hole punched") bone lesions on x-ray
Multiple myeloma
101
Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular basement membrane
Goodpasture's syndrome
102
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
103
Psammoma bodies
Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary
104
Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
Negri bodies of rabies (Lyssavirus [Rhabdoviridae])
105
Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Dating error, anencephaly, spin bifid (neural tube defects)

NBME (5 decks)

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