Key Associations Flashcards by Geoff S

Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Congenital cardiac anomaly

VSD

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Hereditary bleeding disorder

von Willebrand disease

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)

Neuroblastoma (malignant)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

1° liver cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Heart murmur, congenital

Mitral valve prolapse

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)

Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Epidural hematoma

Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Chronic arrhythmia

Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Death in CML

Blast crisis

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Tumor of infancy

Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Hereditary harmless jaundice

Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

HLA-DR3

Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (also associated with HLA-DR5), Addison disease

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

t(14;18)

Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Infection 2° to blood transfusion

Hepatitis C

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Cushing syndrome

Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy) ; Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol) ; ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease) ; Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

1° amenorrhea

Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Actinic (solar) keratosis

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

HLA-B27

Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma

Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Aortic aneurysm, abdominal

Atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Thyroid cancer

Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)

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Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations

Malignancy (kids)

Leukemia, brain tumors

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# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Pelvic inflammatory disease

C trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Site of diverticula

Sigmoid colon

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Renal tumor

Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Dementia

Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas), associated with MEN1

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Hemochromatosis

Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes,” and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Hypopituitarism

Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations UTI

E coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Neuron migration failure

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

Cor pulmonale

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Pancreatitis (acute)

Gallstones, alcohol

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Hypertension, 2°Renal

artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (eg, polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Pituitary tumor

Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg, adenocarcinoma, MALToma)

H pylori

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Nosocomial pneumonia

S aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram (-) rods

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Vitamin deficiency (USA)

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

Salmonella

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Constrictive pericarditis

TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Microcytic anemia

Iron deficiency

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Vertebral compression fracture

Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Nephrotic syndrome (kids)

Minimal change disease

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations 1° bone tumor (adults)

Multiple myeloma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Aortic aneurysm, thoracic

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Brain tumor (kids)

Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

Cushing ulcer (increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H + secretion)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations t(8;14)

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Cyanosis (early; less common)

Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, tricuspid atresia

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Sites of atherosclerosis

Abdominal aorta \> coronary artery \> popliteal artery \> carotid artery

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

21-hydroxylase deficiency

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Metastases to liver

Colon \>\> stomach \> pancreas

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Helminth infection (US)

Enterobius vermicularis

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Pulmonary hypertension

Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (eg, HF), lung disease (eg, COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg, OSA), thromboembolic (eg, PE)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Atrophy of the mammillary bodies

Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Nephrotic syndrome (adults)

Membranous nephropathy

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)

Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Breast cancer

Invasive ductal carcinoma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations DIC

Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Gynecologic malignancy

Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations S3 heart sound

Increased ventricular filling pressure (eg, mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations 2° hyperparathyroidism

Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Type of Hodgkin lymphoma

Nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Holosystolic murmur

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Osteomyelitis

S aureus (most common overall)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations SIADH

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations t(9;22)

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene, tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with ALL

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

S pneumoniae

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Pancreatitis (chronic)

Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Liver disease

Alcoholic cirrhosis

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

Group B streptococcus/E coli/Listeria monocytogenes (newborns), S pneumoniae/N meningitidis (kids/teens)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Cerebellar tonsillar herniation

Chiari I malformation

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Intellectual disability

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Ovarian tumor (malignant)

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

S aureus, B cereus

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Sexually transmitted disease

C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

DES exposure in utero

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Aortic dissection

Hypertension

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML

ALL: child, CLL: adult \> 60, AML: adult ∼ 65, CML: adult 45–85

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Mitral valve stenosis

Rheumatic heart disease

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Death in SLE

Lupus nephropathy

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Opportunistic infection in AIDS

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Opening snap

Mitral stenosis

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Esophageal cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis

Mitral \> aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Testicular tumor

Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), increased placental ALP

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Cardiac tumor (adults)

Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball valve”)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations S4 heart sound

Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Demyelinating disease in young women

Multiple sclerosis

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Hepatocellular carcinoma

Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C, alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Cretinism

Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Mitochondrial inheritance

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations 1° hyperparathyroidism

Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Breast tumor (benign, young woman)

Fibroadenoma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium

S aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridans streptococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon cancer), culture negative (Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)

Serous cystadenoma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations HLA-DR4

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Metastases to brain

Lung \> breast \> melanoma, colon, kidney

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Temporal arteritis

Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch

3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Metastases to bone

Prostate, breast \> kidney, thyroid, lung

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever

Hodgkin lymphoma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Subdural hematoma

Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Breast mass

Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Kidney stones

Calcium = radiopaque; Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease ⊕ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S saprophyticus); Uric acid = radiolucent ; Cystine = faintly radiopaque

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

HSV-1

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Glomerulonephritis (adults)

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Lysosomal storage disease

Gaucher disease

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Diverticulum in pharynx

Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Obstruction of male urinary tract

BPH

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Brain tumor (adults)

Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

S aureus, E coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Gastric cancer

Adenocarcinoma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations 1° hyperaldosteronism

Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Tumor in women

Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Hypoparathyroidism

Accidental excision during thyroidectomy

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)

Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Ejection click

Aortic stenosis

# Disease/Finding - Common/Important Associations Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

Key Associations Flashcards

(129 cards)