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Sociology Crime > Key Concepts > Flashcards

Key Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Deviance

A

Non-conformity to a given norm /set of norms which are accepted by a significant number of people in a community/ S

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2
Q

Crime

A

Activities that break the law

+ therefore = subjected to official punishment

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3
Q

Social Order

A

Stability based on shared values and consensus (everyone is behaving themselves)

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4
Q

British Crime Survey

A

Now called the Crime Survey of England and Wales
= annual victimisation survey
Carried out by the Home Office

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5
Q

Home Office

A

G department responsible for criminal justice matters

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6
Q

Islington Crime Survey

A

Famous local victimisation studies focusing on one area of North London

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7
Q

Official Statistics

A

Statistics released by the G agencies

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8
Q

Plea Bargaining

A

= an informal (sometimes unspoken) agreement that if the D pleads guilty to a lesser crime then that of which (s)he is accused, the prosecution will agree

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9
Q

Repeat victimisation

A

Where people = Vs of the same crime more than once

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10
Q

Responsibilisation

A

Garland suggests this is a shift towards blaming people for becoming victims of crime, by suggesting they have not taken adequate precautions

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11
Q

Risk management

A

The process whereby governments stop trying to prevent all crime and instead see it as their job to limit the risk of crime for the population.

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12
Q

Self-report studies

A

A sample of the population are selected and asked what offences they have committed /been the victim of.

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13
Q

Sensitising

A

Refers to the extent of disorder or minor criminal activity that people will accept. // e.g. speeding, littering

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14
Q

Victimisation surveys (Victim surveys)

A

A sample of the population are selected and asked what offences they have been the victim of.

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15
Q

Police recorded statistics

A

Crime statistics that are drawn from the records that are kept by the police and the official agencies. They are published every 6 months by the Home Office.

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16
Q

Dark figure of crime

A

The amount of crime that go unreported to the police.

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17
Q

Focal Concerns

A

The term used by Merton to describe key values.

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18
Q

Gang

A

The term that is applied to a wide variety of youth groups that regularly engage in offending.

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19
Q

Illegitimate Opportunity Structure

A

An alternative, illegal way of life that certain groups in society have access to - it is a term used by Cloward and Ohlin

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20
Q

Anomie

A

The term was first used by Durkheim to describe the breakdown of social expectations and behaviour. // people experiencing moral uncertainty and cohesion.

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21
Q

Delinquency

A

Criminal or antisocial acts committed be young people.

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22
Q

Social Cohesion

A

The feeling of belonging to a larger entity e.g. a society

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23
Q

Status Frustration

A

According to AK Cohen, this occurs when young men feel that they are looked down upon by society.

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24
Q

Techniques of Neutralisation

A

Justifications for our deviant/ criminal behaviour.

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25
Q

Subculture

A

A distinctive set of values that provide an alternative to those of the mainstream culture.

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26
Q

Subterranean Values

A

A set of deviant values that exist alongside the socially approved values, but are usually kept hidden or under control. They may emerge in certain social situations such as parties or drinking alcohol.

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27
Q

Strain

A

A term used by Merton to explain reactions to situations where socially approved goals were impossible for the majority of the population to reach by legitimate means; this produces a lack of balance and adjustment in society.

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28
Q

Subcultural Theories

A

Explanations of crime and deviance focusing on the idea that those who deviate hold different values to the majority.

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29
Q

Value Consensus

A

When everyone within a society shares the same norms and values.

30
Q

Latent Functions

A

They refer to the unintended functions of crime such as the resulting in anomie or the breakdown of society.

31
Q

Manifest Functions

A

They refer to the open, intended functions.

32
Q

Homogenous

A

The belief that everyone is the same.

33
Q

Culture

A

Refers to the shared way of life of a particular society such as language, diet,dress, norms, values, religion.

34
Q

Subculture

A

Refers to the group within/ beneath the ‘dominant culture’ which is different in certain respects. While sharing many of the characteristics of the main culture it can be identified as a distinct and different group e.g. class, ethnicity, sexuality etc.

35
Q

Selective law creation + enforcement

A 
Laws are created by the rc in their interests.
CJS is used to protect the power and wealth of the ruling class and control the wc
36
Q

Capitalism

A

Economic system in which investment + ownership of means of production, distribution and exchange of wealth is made + maintained chiefly by private individuals/ corporations, whose primary aim is to make £

37
Q

Corporate crimes

A

Offences committed by large companies, or by individuals on behalf of large companies, which directly profit the company rather than individuals

38
Q

Dominant ideology

A

Set of ideas which justify the social advantages of wealthy, powerful + influential groups in S + justifies the disadvantages of those who lack the qualities

39
Q

Criminogenic

A

Idea that capitalism causes crime

40
Q

Moral panic

A

A wave of public concern about some imaginary threat to S, stirred up by exaggerated + sensationalised reporting of the mass media

41
Q

The New Criminology

A

Approach to crime which merges Marxism with Interactionism to produce a ‘fully social theroy’

42
Q

White collar crimes

A

Sutherland defines these as: crimes committed by persons of his social status + respectability in the course of their occupation
2 types

43
Q

False consciousness

A

The failure by members of a social class to recognise their ideal interests

44
Q

Crisis in capitalism

A

When the economy fails, living standards fall and workers protest

45
Q

Occupational crime

A

When people steal from companies via their job

46
Q

Malestream

A

Sociology that concentrates on men, mostly carried out by men and then assumed that the findings apply to women (or ignore them completely)

47
Q

Double deviance

A

Describes the way in which women who break the law are also seen to have broken their traditional gender role

48
Q

Chivalry thesis

A

Idea that women are treated more leniently by a sexist and paternalistic CJS which is influenced by stereotyped ‘feminimity’

49
Q

Feminist criminology

A

Approach to c+d which focuses on gender and is critical of criminology which ignores women as Vs + criminals

50
Q

Gender role socialisation

A

The idea that socialisation contributes to the gendered patterns of crime

51
Q

Labelling

A

Attach meaning to a behaviour

52
Q

Deviancy amplification

A

The response of the police and the media to a deviant act that actually leads to an increase in deviance

53
Q

Deviant career

A

Idea that someone doesn’t simply become a criminal but it is a process, takes time for a person to become labelled and see themselves as deviant

54
Q

Folk devils

A

Individuals who are labelled by the media as being the case of wider social problems

55
Q

Master status

A

When a person’s major characteristics become their criminal status

56
Q

Moral entrepreneurs

A

Groups who have power + resources to create/ enforce rules + impose definitions of deviance
e.g. media/ police

57
Q

Moral panic

A

Disproportionate reaction to a problem relating to deviant behaviour, often caused by the media

58
Q

Primary deviance

A

Deviance that hasn’t yet been labelled as deviant

Has few consequences for the individual

59
Q

Secondary deviance

A

Deviance that has been labelled as such + = punishable

60
Q

SFP

A

Where someone begins to act out + internalise the label they have been given

61
Q

Stigmatised

A

Something = frowned upon by S as it has had -ve labels attached to it

62
Q

Concentric zones

A

5 different zones that Shaw + McKay ÷ a city into

Most c+d = said to occur in zone 2

63
Q

Nocturnal economy

A

Refers to way the leisure activity has developed at night

Provides the location of many offences

64
Q

Opportunity theory

A

Crime can occur when = an opportunity

- stop the opportunity, less crime = likely to occur

65
Q

Social disorganisation

A

Area that doesn’t have a shared culture/ strong mechanics of informal social control
- no sense of community

66
Q

Situational Crime Prevention

A

Approach to crime which ignores the motivation for offending + instead concentrates on making it more difficult to commit crime

67
Q

Zone of transition

A

Cheapest, least desirable zones of the city in which immigrants are moved + most crime happens

68
Q

Cultural transmission

A

Process by which values are passed from 1 generation to the next
- part of socialisations

69
Q

Relative derivation

A

Idea that it isn’t deprivation that causes people to commit crime, but whether they see themselves as deprived in comparison with others

70
Q

Displacement theory

A

Critique of situational crime prevention

Argues that SCP doesn’t prevent crimes, merely shifts it around

Sociology Crime (24 decks)

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