What are all living things made of?
Cells
What’s the difference between prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells?
- Eukaryotic Cells are complex
- Prokaryotic cells are Smaller and simpler
Name 2 eukaryotic cells
Animal and Plant cells
Name a prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria Cells
What is a sub cellular structures
It is the different part of a cell
Name 5 sub-cellular structures in an Animal Cells and what is their function
Nucleus- Contains DNA which Controls the cells- Stored in structures called chromosomes
Cytoplasms- where most chemical reactions happens
Cell membrane- Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
Mitochondria- where aerobic respiration
happens, releases energy for the cell
Ribosomes-join amino acids together to make protein
Plant cells have the same 5 sub cellular structures as the animal plants but there are 3 more what are they and what it’s function
Cell wall- Made of Celluose and supports the cell and strengths it
Chloroplasts- where photosynthesis happens, which makes food for plants
Vacuole- stores a cell sap
What does a bacterial cell have the an animal and plant cell doesn’t have
Flagellum
Plasmid DNA
Chromosal DNA
What is a specialised Cells
Cells with a structure that makes them to its job
What are egg and sperm cells specialised for
Specialised for reproduction
What happens to the egg and sperm cell in sexual reproduction
- Egg and sperm cell combine
- Creates a fertilised egg which develops into an embryo
What is the function of the egg cell and Sperm cells
Egg cells-Carry female DNA and feed the embryo
Sperm cells- Carry Male DNA to the egg
What does and egg cell have?
Cell membranes
Nucleus
Cytoplasms
What does a sperm cell have and what’s it’s function
Tail- Swims to the egg
Acrosome- stored enzymes that digest through membrane
Nucleus
What are cilliated epithelial Cells specialised for
Specialised for moving material
What is the function of cilia
They move substances by beating them along the surface of the tissue
What does some epilthelial cells contain
Cillia at the top surface of a cell
How are Cells studied
Using a microscope
What is the difference between a light and electron microscopes
Light microscopes can let you see different part of a cell
Electron microscopes male specimen look bigger and show more detail
What is the formula for magnification
Image size = image size
——————
Real Size
What is the equation for total magnification
Total Magnification = eyepiece lens x objective
lens
What are Enzymes
Catalysts produced by Living things
What does the word Biological catalyst mean
They speed but electrical reactions in living organisms
What is a substrate
A molecule that gets changed in a chemical reaction
What is the active site
The part where it joins on its substrate to catalyse the reaction
Enzymes are a substrate specific what does that mean
Means they only work with one substrate
Why do enzymes have a specific substrate?
For the enzyme to work it has to fit into the active site
What do enzymes catalyse
They catalyse breakdown and synthetic reactions
Proteins,lipids and some carbohydrates are what type of molecules
They are Big Molecules
What organisms need to break down and give an example
Organisms often need to break down big molecules into smaller ones e.g. digestion
What do organisms need to synthesis (make)
Make big to small molecules e.g. make new cells
Carbohydrates break what and give example
Breaks carbohydrates into simple sugars
E.g. amylase is a type of carbohydrase which breaks down starch
What do proteases break down
Proteases break down protein into amino acids
Lipases break down what
Lipases break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
What is the optimum
Maximum point(at the top of the graph)
What is denatured
The shape of the active site has Changed differently
The higher the substrate concentration…
The faster the reaction
What is the equation of rate of reaction
Rate= 1000
———
Time
Calculate the rate of reaction which finished 80 secs use the unit s-1
Rate= 1000
———
Time
1000
——— = 12.5
80What is diffusion
Spreading out of particles from a high to low concentration
What is osmosis
Movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from less to more concentrated
What is a partially permeable membrane
A membrane with small holes in it
Where does water pass through in osmosis
Passes both ways through a membrane
Which molecules can pass through the membrane and which ones can’t and why
Small molecules can pass and big molecules can’t because the big ones can’t pass through the wholes whereas the small can fit through the hole
Because the osmosis is water going from less to more concentrated what does it mean for the more concentrated side?
The more concentrated gets more diluted
What is Active Transport
Movement of particles across a membrane from low to high concentration
Active transport moves particles against what ?
A concentration gradient
What does active transport also require and what is it released by?
It requires energy, which is released by respiration
When doing a practical on investigating osmosis what is the independent variable (change)
The independent variable is the concentration of the sucrose solution
What is the equation for percentage change in mass?
Percentage= final mass - starting mass.
———————————— x100
Starting Mass
