key facts and figures 1929-41 Flashcards
full study access link in class description (179 cards)
1
Q
Temporary return to voluntary collectivisation
A
1930
2
Q
Launch of Machine Tractor Stations
A
1931
3
Q
Resumption of all-out dekulakisation
A
1931
4
Q
Start of the famine in Ukraine
A
1932
5
Q
Mass famine in the Ukraine, Kazakhstan and North Caucus
A
1933
6
Q
Peasants forced into collective farms
A
December 1929
7
Q
Expansion of the Urals-Siberian method
A
May 1929
8
Q
Party activists (industrial workers) sent into countryside to help dekulakisation
A
Nov 1929, 25,000
9
Q
What proportion of peasant households were kulak households?
A
4%
10
Q
Proportion of peasant households were destroyed by dekulakisation
A
~15%
11
Q
How many peasants were forced to migrate north and east to poorer land?
A
~150,000
12
Q
Proportion of grain-farming areas did Stalin announce would be collectivised in 1930
A
25%
13
Q
Percentage of peasant households collectivised in 1934?
A
70%
14
Q
Percentage of peasant households had been collectivised in 1935
A
75%
15
Q
Percentage of peasant households had been collectivised in 1937
A
90%
16
Q
State quota for kolkohzes
A
Up to 40% of crops
17
Q
How many Machine Tractor Stations were established?
A
2500
18
Q
Percentage of threshing was carried out mechanically by 1938
A
95%
19
Q
Percentage of ploughing was carried out mechanically by 1938
A
72%
20
Q
Percentage of spring sowing was carried out mechanically by 1938
A
57%
21
Q
Percentage of harvesting was carried out mechanically by 1938
A
48%
22
Q
How many lorries were being used in Soviet agriculture in 1938 compared to the USA?
A
196,000 to 1,000,000+
23
Q
Punishment for stealing from a collective farm by August 1932
A
10 years in prison, later raised to capital punishment
24
Q
Punishment for selling meat or grain before quotas were filled
A
10 years in prison
25
Percentage of the USSR’s food produced on private plots and then sold on the private market by the late 1930s
- 52% of vegetables
- 70% of meat
- 71% of milk
26
Dnieprostroi Dam construction
1927-32
27
Second 5YP launched
1933
28
New emphasis placed on armaments production
1936
29
Moscow-Volga Canal construction
1932-7
30
Third 5YP launched
1938
31
What doubled in 1940?
Armaments spending
32
Aims of the first 5YP
- Develop heavy industry
- Boost electricity production
- Double the output from light industry e.g. chemicals
33
Failures of the first 5YP
- None of the extremely ambitious targets were met
- Improvements in the chemical industry lagged behind
- Consumer industries were badly neglected
34
Successes of the first 5YP
- Electricity output tripled
- Coal and iron output doubled
- Steel production increased by 1/3
35
Aims of the second 5YP
- Continue the growth of heavy industry
- Boost light industry: chemicals, electricals, consumer goods
- Develop communications
- Foster engineering
36
Failures of the second 5YP
- Oil production failed to meet its targets
- Consumers were still very short of some products
- Quantity increased but quality still tended to be very low
37
Successes of the second 5YP
- Some large-scale communication projects
- Rapid growth in electricity production and chemicals
- New metals (e.g. copper and tin) mined for the first time
- Steel output tripled
- Coal production doubled
- The USSR was self-sufficient in metal goods and machine tools by 1937
38
Aims of the third 5YP
- Renewed emphasis on heavy industry
- Promote rapid rearmament
- Complete the transition to communism
39
Successes of the third 5YP
- Some strong growth in machinery and engineering
- Defence industries developed exceptional models e.g. the T-34 tank
- Spending on rearmament doubled 1938-40
40
Limitations of the third 5YP
- Other areas stagnated after defense was prioritised
- Oil production failed to meet targets, causing a fuel crisis
- Lack of specialists due to Stalin’s purges
- The German invasion of 1941 disrupted the Plan, causing it to end early
41
What world event impacted all of the 5YP’s?
The Great Depression
1929-39
42
How did the Dam impact Soviet electricity?
Increased Soviet electric power by 500% after 5 extra generators were installed in the second 5YP
43
Moscow Metro constructed
1932-37
44
Who built the Moscow-Volga canal?
~200,000 prisoners from the Dmitlag labour camp
~22,000 died
45
What percentage of the workforce was female by 1940?
43%
46
How much did women earn in comparison to men in 1940?
Around 40% less
47
When did absenteeism become a crime?
1940
48
When did measures to toughen up on absenteeism appear?
1930-33
49
Wage differentials introduced
1931
50
How did the Soviet economy grow between 1928 and 1940?
5-6% per year
51
How much did the first 5YP aim to increase production by?
300%
52
How much did the first 5YP aim to increase electricity production by?
600%
53
What proportion of GDP was rearmament in the second 5YP?
It rose from 4% of GDP in 1933 to 17% in 1937
54
Actual production of oil in 1932 compared to the target and the output in 1928?
Target: 21.7 mill tonnes
1932: 21.4 mill tonnes
1927: 11.7 mill tonnes
55
Actual production of steel in 1932 compared to the target and the output in 1928
Target: 10.4 mill tonnes
1932: 5.9 mill tonnes
1927: 4 mill tonnes
56
Actual output of electricity in 1932 compared to the target
Target: 22,000 m.kWh
1932: 13,540 m.kWh
57
Machine tools produced in 1932
19,700
58
Machine tools produced in 1940
50,600
59
Actual production of coal in 1937 compared to the target
Target: 152.5 mill tonnes
1937: 128 mill tonnes
60
Actual production of oil in 1937 compared to the target
Target: 46.8 mill tonnes
1937: 28.5 mill tonnes
61
Actual production of steel in 1937 compared to the target
Target: 17 mill tonnes
1937: 17.7 mill tonnes
62
Actual production of machine tools in 1937 compared to the target
Target: 40,000
1937: 45,500
63
Actual production of tractors in 1937 compared to the target
Target: 166,700
1937: 66,500
64
How much energy did the Dnieprostroi Dam generate?
560 MW
65
How much coal did Stakhanov cut?
102 tonnes in 5 hrs 45 mins
14x the amount expected for that length of time
66
How much were work norms raised by in 1936?
10-50%
67
End of the free labour market for workers
1940
68
Belomor Canal deaths
- ~300,000 employed for the construction at its peak
- 700 died a day
- 1500 new arrived every day
69
How much of the workforce did women represent in 1929?
~29%
70
Zhenotdel closed down
January 1930
71
Change in the industrial workforce 1928-32
Doubled
72
Change in the urban population 1926-39
26 mill - 56 mill
73
Stalin cult fully established
After 1933
74
Stalin cult at its height
After WW2
75
Changes in 1932
- All writers had to belong to the Union of Soviet Writers
- All artists and art critics had to belong to the Union of Artists
- Similar unions for musicians, film makers and sculptors
76
Frame of reference for writers laid down
Apr 1934 at first Congress of the Union of Soviet Writers, Andrei Zhadanov
77
Change in percentage of collectivised households in 1930 (no longer enforced)
50%-20%
78
'The History of the All-Union Communist Party' published
1938
79
Copies of 'The History of the All-Union Communist Party' published in the USSR by 1948
34 million
80
Percentage of female factory workers described as 'norm-breaking'
25%
81
Change in steel production 1928-40
1928: 4 million tonnes
1940: 18 million tonnes
82
Change in planning targets for Gosplan 1930-40
Early 1930s: 300
1940: 2500
83
Change in urbanisation 1920s-30
1926: 17%
1930: 33%
84
End of food rationing
1934
85
How much of the USSRs food were private plots producing by the late 1930s?
Nearly 2/3
86
Deaths in the famine of 1932-34
6-8 million
87
Deaths due to effects of dekulakisation and deportation
10 million
88
Grain production by 1941
Less than under the NEP
89
Change in military spending 1930s-40s
3% of total budget 1933
34% of total budget 1940
90
How many aircraft factories were built in 1937?
9
91
How many tanks was Soviet industry producing per month in 1941?
230
92
How many military aircraft was Soviet industry producing per month in 1941?
700
93
How many rifles was Soviet industry producing per month in 1941?
100k+
94
Grain production 1928-40
73 --> 95 million tonnes
95
Cow production 1928-40
29 --> 28 million tonnes
96
Pig production 1928-40
19 --> 27 million
97
Coal production 1928-40
35.4 --> 165 million tonnes
98
Poor quality production made a criminal offence
July 1940
99
Shoe production 1928-40
58 --> 211 million
100
Shakhty trial
1928
101
Trotsky expelled from the USSR
1929
102
The 'Industry Party' trial
1930
103
Senior industrialists and economists tried
1930
104
Ryutin (and K and Z) trial
1932
105
The Party purge
1933
106
Communist Party members 1933
3.2 million
107
Kirov shot
December 1934
108
Legislative change June 1935
Death penalty extended to apply to those who were aware of subversive activity and didn't report it
109
Legislative change April 1935
Legal for those over the age of 12 to be punished in the same way as adults, including the death penalty
110
First major show trial
August 1936, Kamenev Zinoviev and 14 others
111
New constitution introduced
1936
112
When was Ryutin's document circulated?
March 1932
113
Yezhov head of NKVD
September 1936
114
Number of army leaders sacked 1937-39
30,000+
115
Number of military officials shot for refusing to approve the execution of their colleagues 1937-39
74
116
Bukharin's show trial
March 1938
Also involved Rykov and 19 others
117
Change in the gulag population during the Great Purges
800,000 1935
5.5-9.5 million 1938
118
Gulag mortality rates
4-6 times higher than the rest of the USSR
119
People executed 1937-38 (the Terror)
650,000 (there are no exact figures)
120
Effect of the purges on Party membership
1/3 expelled by 1938
850,000 expelled 1936-38
By 1939 less than 10% had joined before 1920
121
Change in size of Red Army
1938-41
<1 --> 5 million
122
Impact of the purges on the army
Lost ~23,000 experienced officers
123
Proportion of officer corps and military intelligence imprisoned in the purge of the Red Army reinstated by 1940
~25%
124
Percentage of the officer corps arrested in the purge of the Red Army
~50%
125
Proportion of admirals arrested in the purge of the Red Army
100%
There were only 8 of them and their replacements were also arrested
126
Impact of NKVD Order 00447 by the start of 1938
575,000 sentenced, 258,000 of them executed
127
NKVD Order 00447
July 1937
128
Impact of Order 00447 after one month
100,000 arrested, 14,000 sent to gulags
129
Priests imprisoned in the Purges
4000
130
Churches destroyed
40,000 by 1941
131
Pilgrimages to Mecca forbidden
1935
132
The 'family code' law
June 1936
133
Change in birth rate 1928-32
-25%
134
Abortion rates before, during and after the Great Retreat
1.9 million 1935
570,000 1937
755,000 1939
135
Effect of the Great Retreat on birth rates
Rose slightly then fell from 1938 and never reached pre-rev levels
136
Effect of the Great Retreat on working women
3 million 1928
13 million 1940
137
Effect of the Great Retreat on marriage
1937: 91% of men and 82% of women in their 30s married
138
Effect of the Great Retreat on divorce rate
Stayed high, 37% in Moscow in 1934
139
Change in literacy levels
65% pre 1917
94% in towns and 86% in countryside literate 1941
140
Most intensive period of Russian-German cooperation
1929-32
141
Proportion of foreigners working in the USSR that were German
70% in 1930
142
How many foreigners were working in the USSR in 1930?
9000
143
USSR invited to join the League of Nations
Sept 1934
144
Hitler Chancellor
1933
145
Non aggression pact with France
November 1932
146
Non-aggression pact with Poland
December 1932
147
Mutual assistance pacts with France and Czechoslovakia
May 1935
148
Spanish Civil War
July 1936
149
Soviet intervention in the Spanish Civil War
Sept 1936
150
German annexation of Austria
March 1938
151
Munich conference
Sept 1938
152
Germany invades Czechoslovakia
March 1939
153
Anti-Comintern Pact signed
Japan and Germany 1936
Italy 1937
154
USSR defeats Japan
August 1939 at Khalkhin Gol in Soviet Mongolia
155
War between Japan and the USSR begins
May 1939
156
Japanese invasions
Manchuria 1932
The rest of China 1937
157
Percentage of Japanese forces killed at Khalkhin Gol
75%
158
Nazi-Soviet Pact signed
August 1939
159
Germany invaded Poland
September 1939
160
Hitler defeats France
May 1940
161
The 'Winter War'
November 1939 --> March 1940
162
Military power in the war between Japan and the USSR
100,000+ troops
1000 tanks and aircraft
163
DELETE
DELETE
164
DELETE
DELETE
165
Britain and France make guarantees to Poland
March 1939
166
Polish German non-aggression pact signed
1934
167
Polish German non-aggression pact ends
April 1939
168
Hitler publicly announced German rearmament
March 1935
169
Germans invade the USSR
22nd June 1941
170
Time taken for the German army to defeat most of Western Europe
6 weeks
171
US and USSR establish diplomatic relations
1933
172
The earliest Stalin thought Hitler would invade the USSR
May 1942
173
Grain production 1930-34 (failure of collectivisation)
83.5 --> 67 million tonnes
174
Peasant grain production 1928-33 (success of collectivisation)
11 --> 22.6 million tonnes
175
Average production of grain per hectare private farms vs collective farms
Private: 410kg
Collective: 320kg
176
Proportion of churches open 1940
1% of all the churches that had been open in 1917
177
New enterprises established
8,000+ between 1928-41
178
Grain harvest 1940
Same as 1913
179
How much did the Great Turn plan to increase grain production by?
50% by the end of the first 5YP
