Key Terminology & Definitions - Pathology Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Acanthosis
A
Increased thickness of stratum spinosum; epidermal hyperplasia
2
Q
Lichenification
A
Extreme epidermal hyperplasia
3
Q
Callus
A
Thickened, often pigmented + hyperkeratotic plaque (focal epidermal hyperplasia)
4
Q
Vesicle / bulla
A
Fluid-filled cavities within of beneath the epidermis (blister), vesicle = < 1 cm in diameter; bulla = > 1 cm in diameter
Between epithelium and lamina propria of mucosa
5
Q
Pustule
A
Vesicle contained pus (= degenerate neutrophils, inflammatory cells), it will become a crust (scab)
6
Q
Scale
A
Hyperkeratosis (dandruff)
7
Q
Erosion
A
Partial-thickness loss of epidermis resulting in shallow, moist, glistening depression, still have basement mem with no bleeding
8
Q
Ulcer
A
Full-thickness loss of epithelium and basement membrane, bleeding, granulation tissue forming, exposing lamina propria
9
Q
Scar
A
Granulation tissue and fibrosis - repair injured tissues (scarring)
10
Q
Crust
A
Dried exudate or secretion with/without epithelial or bacterial debris
11
Q
Atrophy
A
Decrease in the mass of a tissue due to decreased size + no. cells (after it has reached its normal size)
12
Q
Wheal
A
Sharply circumscribed skin elevation of oedema of the superficial dermis, often erythematous
13
Q
Neoplasm
A
An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli, which evoked the change.
14
Q
Dermatitis
A
Inflammation of dermis
15
Q
Vasculitis
A
Inflammation targeting the walls of venules or arterioles
16
Q
Alopecia
A
When inflammation affects the hair follicles
17
Q
Papilloma
A
Benign epithelial tumour growing exophytically (outwardly projecting)
18
Q
Sarcoid
A
Papilloma-induced lesion in the horse and cat
19
Q
Folliculitis
A
Inflammation of hair follicle
20
Q
Furunculosis
A
Inflammation of the hair follicle but then it ruptures, almost always infections e.g. staphylococcus, Demodex + dermatophytes (fungi).
21
Q
Spindle (mesenchymal) cell tumour
A
Ends in sarcoma if malignant
22
Q
Epithelial tumour
A
Ends in carcinoma if malignant; if benign = adenoma, adeno means glandular tissue
23
Q
Round cell tumour
A
Depends on type of cell: macrophages = histiocytoma; lymphocytes = lymphoma; plasma cells = plasmacytoma, mast cells = mastocytoma
24
Q
Hyperaemia
A
Excess of blood in vessels
25
Epidermal hyperplasia
More keratinocytes = more layers
26
Hyperkeratosis
Increased thickness of stratum corneum only
27
Granulomatous inflammation
Usually due to infectious agents e.g. mycobacterium and Leishmania, made up of macrophages
28
Haemangioma
Benign neoplasia of endothelial cells
29
Fibroma
Benign neoplasia of fibroblasts
30
Macrophage precursor
Monocyte
31
Erythema
Increased blood supply to an area and vasodilation - in the skin only. Hyperaemia elsewhere
32
Wooden tongue
Caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii gram-negative bacteria
33
Thrush
Caused by Candida albicans opportunistic pathogenic yeast (fungus)
34
Schisis
Clefts
35
Cheilo
Lips
36
Pro
Long
37
Brachy
Short
38
A-
Absent
39
Gnatia superior
Maxilla
40
Gnatia inferior
Mandible
41
Cheiloschisis
(Hare lip) Failure of fusion of the upper lip along the midline of philtrum
42
Palatoschisis
Failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes
43
Stomatitis
Inflammation of oral cavity
44
Cheilitis
Inflammation of lips
45
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of pharynx
46
Glossitis
Inflammation of tongue
47
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of tonsils
48
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gingiva (gum)
49
Choke
Oesophageal obstruction subsequent to stenoses (abnormal narrowing) or blockage
50
Megaoesophagus
Dilation of the oesophagus because of insufficient, absent or uncoordinated peristalsis in the mid and cervical oesophagus
Can be caused by persistence of fourth right aortic arch
51
Volvulus
When a loop of intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supplies it
52
Haematemesis
Blood in vomit
53
Melena
Blood digested in stomach, passes through intestine, leads to black faeces
54
Gastritis
Inflammation of stomach
55
Stenosis
Narrowing of the intestinal lumen
56
Atresia
Occlusion of the intestinal lumen as the result of anomalous development of the intestinal wall
57
Atresia coli
Colon occluded
58
Atresia ani
Anus occluded
59
Segmental atresia
If a segment of the bowel is either entirely missing or completely occluded because of a lack of epithelial development and confluence between two contiguous portions.
60
Megacolon
Large, usually faecal-filled colon
61
Aganglionosis (colon)
Absence of ganglion cells
62
Enterolith
Struvite = magnesium ammonium phosphate (stones)
63
Stricture
Abnormal narrowing
64
Eventration
Hernia
65
Strangulation
Compression of blood or air-filled structures which impedes circulation or function.
66
Intussusception
When one segment of intestine become telescoped into the immediately distal segment of intestine
67
Herniations
Displacements of intestine; the intestine is not in the right place where it should physiologically normally be (external and internal)
68
Torsion/volvulus
Rotation (twisting) of the intestine on its long axis
69
Peduncle
Stalklike part by which an organ is attached to an animal's body
70
Internal herniations
Herniations formed through a normal or pathological foramen in the abdominal cavity
71
External herniations
Herniations formed when a hernial sac, formed by a pouch f parietal peritoneum, penetrates outside the abdominal cavity
72
Enteritis
Inflammation of small intestine
73
Duodenitis
Inflammation of duodenum
74
Jejunitis
Inflammation of jejunum
75
Ileitis
Inflammation of ileum
76
Colitis
Inflammation of colon
77
Proctitis
Inflammation of rectum
78
Diarrhoea
Increase in stool mass, stool frequency, and/or stool fluidity
79
Dysentery
Painful, bloody diarrhoea
80
Petechiae
Microscopic haemorrhage
81
Hypertrophy
Inc size of cells
82
Hyperplasia
Inc no. cells
83
Metaplasia
Replacement of a cell type by another of the same germline e.g. healing after mastitis, low columnar ---> squamous
84
Dysplasia
Abnormal pattern of tissue growth, disorderly arrangement of cells within epithelium
85
Atrophy
Dec size of cells
86
Exostosis
Extra growth of bone that extends outward from existing bone (bone changes = permanent)
87
Laminitis
Loss of integrity of the basement membrane and cellular attachments to basal epidermal cells
88
Dysbiosis
Disturbed or altered gut flora, inadequate mucous layer, lowered levels of protective antibodies
89
Evisceration
Taking intestines out
90
Space of Disse
Between hepatocytes and sinusoids
91
Kupffer cells
Attached to sinusoids, liver macrophages, remove bacteria from portal blood, phagocytosis without inflammation
92
Stellate (lto) cells
In space of Disse - store retinoids e.g. vitamin A, important in fibrosis
93
Sunusoids
Lined by fenestrated endothelium, no BM, drain into central vein
94
Liver zone 1
Peripheral - most prone to direct toxic injury - where blood is arriving
95
Liver zone 2
Midzonal / intermediate
96
Liver zone 3
Periacinar / centrilobular - most active in detoxification of metabolites, lowest O2, most prone to injury and hypoxic injury
97
Liver limiting plate
Single layer of hepatocytes separating portal region from lobule
98
Portal tract
Portal vein, bile duct, one or more arteriole, connective tissue
99
Enterotoxins
Toxins produced in or affect the intestines
100
Braxy
Acute disease of sheep caused by C. septicum and characterised by inflammation of the abomasal wall (a lot of haemorrhage and blood-stained tissues)
101
Acinus/lobule
Functional unit of liver
102
Hepatocellular atrophy
Reduced demand (illness, starvation)
103
Hepatic atrophy
Due to impaired hepatocyte replication (not cytoplasm loss), not enough cells
104
Hepatocellular hypertrophy
Increased cytoplasmic volume
105
Glycogenosis
Build-up of glycogen-filled vacuoles but function remains normal in liver (should be storing glycogen anyway)
106
Steatosis/lipidosis
Round, well circumscribed cytoplasmic fat globules - microvesicular (multiple, don't displace nucleus) and macrovascular (displaces nucleus, one per cell)
107
Tension lipidosis
Mostly in cattle, focal hypoxia due to pull of fibrous attachments
108
Necrosis
Stimulates inflammation
109
Massive necrosis of liver
Death of entire lobule (not whole liver)
110
Piecemeal necrosis
Necrosis and inflammation at the limiting plate/periportal - between the portal tracts and rest of liver
111
Biliary epithelium
Ductular cells of liver
112
Cirrhosis
Nodular regeneration, bridging fibrosis, vascular disruption of liver
113
Lipofuscin
Golden cytoplasmic granules due to membrane lipid breakdown
114
Bile plugs
When bile canaliculi distended (between cytoplasm)
115
Haematin
Artefact of formic acid reacting with haemoglobin (darker than haemosiderin and usually extracellular)
116
Iron porphyrin
Black - associated with fluke migration tracts
117
Acute liver failure
Uncommon, due to severe and rapid injury - usually toxins, sometimes hyperthermia/acute ischaemia
118
End-stage liver
Chronic liver failure due to progressive fibrosis and loss of functional mass
119
Acute-on chronic liver
Chronic liver failure - a compensated failing liver suddenly flips into acute failure
120
Cholestasis
Impaired bile secretion and/or flow
121
Jaundice
Yellow pigmentation of tissues due to excess plasma bile pigments
122
Photosensitisation
Inflammation of skin (usually unpigmented) due to action of UV light on photodynamic compounds bound to dermal cells
123
Ascites
Oedema in abdomen, low protein fluid commonly seen with venous congestion/hypoproteinaemia
124
Congenital portosystemic shunt (PSS)
Abnormal connection between portal vein and vena cava (portocaval) or azygous vein (portozygous)
Extrahepatic/intrahepatic
125
Hepatitis
Characterised by presence of inflammatory cells and/or infectious agents in the parenchyma, focal or diffuse
126
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary tree
127
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
128
Cholangiohepatitis
Inflammation centred on the biliary tract and extending into the parenchyma (more common than cholangitis)
129
Acute hepatitis
Mix of inflammation, apoptosis/necrosis, regeneration, lymphocytes in portal region, neutrophils among hepatocytes, +/- pathogens and Kupffer cells enlarge and accumulate vacuoles and debris
130
Chronic hepatitis
Fibrosis = consistent feature
131
Cholelithiasis
Stones anywhere in biliary tree - usually form in gallbladder, mix of cholesterol, bile pigment and salt
132
Xenobiotics
Ingested foreign chemicals
133
Cytotoxic injury (hepatobiliary toxic diseases)
Hepatocyte degeneration, zonal necrosis, apoptosis, lipidosis
134
Cholestatic injury (hepatobiliary toxic diseases)
Failure of bile excretion, leading to obstructive jaundice
135
Mixed injury (hepatobiliary toxic diseases)
Combination of cytotoxic and cholestatic injury
136
Leiomyoma
Benign smooth muscle tumour
137
Mylolipoma
BM fatty tumour
138
Hemangiosarcoma
Tumour of blood vv.
