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POLI 422 > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Counterinsurgency (COIN)?

A

Strategy combining military suppression, surveillance, psy-ops, and co-optation to crush opposition. Continued into South Africa’s transition.

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2
Q

What is the Third Force?

A

Shadowy apartheid-linked units fomenting township violence between ANC and IFP in early 1990s.

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3
Q

What is Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)?

A

ANC’s armed wing; central to liberation, yet marginalised during negotiated settlement.

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4
Q

What is Insurgent Governance?

A

Rebel rule over territory, shaped by resources and ideology (Weinstein). RENAMO governed harshly in unsupportive areas.

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5
Q

What does Power to Hurt refer to?

A

Hultman: strategic infliction of civilian pain to bring the state to negotiate (used by RENAMO).

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6
Q

What is the Spy Recruitment / Steyn Report?

A

Widespread apartheid infiltration and sabotage of ANC/MK. Showed violence didn’t end with negotiations.

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7
Q

What is Guerrilla Flexibility?

A

Ability of groups like UNITA to switch alliances and tactics for survival, delaying defeat.

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8
Q

What is Liberation Fragmentation?

A

Internal divisions among liberation actors (e.g., ANC vs. MK, FRELIMO vs. rural elites).

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9
Q

What happened in 1990–94 South Africa?

A

Violence persisted during transition; Third Force/COIN shaped negotiated democracy.

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10
Q

What is RENAMO (Mozambique)?

A

Rebel group known for extreme violence, but also strategic governance tactics.

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11
Q

What was MK in SA?

A

Continued armed resistance during transition; operated in secrecy and tension with ANC leadership.

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12
Q

What is UNITA (Angola)?

A

Rebel movement that survived 30 years by strategic realignments — finally collapsed post-2002.

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13
Q

What is Gukurahundi (Zimbabwe)?

A

Early post-independence massacre of Ndebele people by Mugabe’s government; framed as “anti-dissident.”

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14
Q

What is Neo-Apartheid Constitutionalism?

A

Madlingozi: liberal democracy masks continued racial domination in SA.

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15
Q

What is the Zone of Non-Beings?

A

Fanon/Madlingozi: socially dead poor Black people excluded from ‘new’ South Africa.

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16
Q

What is the difference between Popular vs. Liberal Democracy?

A

Saul: grassroots, anti-imperialist vs. elite-managed, market-oriented politics.

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17
Q

What is Low-Intensity Democracy?

A

Procedural democracy without substantive redistribution or equality.

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18
Q

What is Symbolic Reintegration?

A

Inclusion of ex-combatants as heroes but without real social benefits (Namibia).

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19
Q

What are Black Boers?

A

Black elites accused of perpetuating exclusion, acting as new colonisers (Madlingozi).

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20
Q

What is the Liberation Gospel?

A

Rhetorical glorification of liberation-era figures to legitimise current elite rule.

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21
Q

What does Rape as Power Language mean?

A

Gqola: rape is not individual but systemic — a message of who holds power.

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22
Q

What is Class Capture of the State?

A

Bracking: elites use institutions (land reform, elections) to enrich themselves and punish enemies.

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23
Q

What about Namibian ex-combatants (PLAN)?

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A

Marginalised despite symbolic celebration; treated as threat.

24
Q

What happened in Zimbabwe post-1980?

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A

Shift from racial liberation to Shona elite dominance.

25
What are South African shack dwellers subject to?
Subject to repression, police violence, and eviction — excluded from the 'New South Africa.'
26
What are Post-2000 Land Seizures (Zimbabwe)?
Bracking: used for political patronage, not structural redistribution.
27
What is Fanon’s Colonised Mind?
Racial order internalised; decolonisation must be total, not just legal/political.
28
What is Structural Violence?
Institutionalised inequality causing harm through neglect, repression, and poverty.
29
What is Ruling Violence?
Gqola: Post-apartheid state uses violence to enforce order and legitimacy, from Marikana to xenophobia.
30
What is Counterinsurgency as Hegemony?
Douek: COIN logics (control + consent) shape post-apartheid governance.
31
What are Violent Masculinities?
Cultural acceptance of male aggression as normal and powerful (Gqola).
32
What is Reintegration as Securitisation?
Ex-combatants framed as threats to stability, not as citizens with rights.
33
What is Trauma Politics?
Ongoing psychological and social effects of violence, unhealed due to shallow transitional justice.
34
What is the Resource-Conflict Nexus?
Forster: gas development in Cabo Delgado fuels marginalisation, jihadism.
35
What is Electoral Ritualism?
Harrison: elections as hollow performances of democracy in Mozambique.
36
What is the State Capital Nexus?
Alliance of postcolonial state and global capitalism, enabling repression (Marikana).
37
What happened in Marikana (SA, 2012)?
Miners killed by police under ANC rule; revealed state-capital collusion.
38
What is the Cabo Delgado Insurgency?
Islamist insurgency grows from local anger over gas wealth exclusion.
39
What is the TRC (SA)?
Framed as healing, but enabled forgetting — limited prosecutions, no reparative justice.
40
What is Xenophobic Violence (SA)?
Targeted attacks on African migrants; Gqola links to gendered/racialised violence.
41
What about Namibia’s Reintegration of PLAN Vets?
Veterans hailed as heroes but abandoned socially — labelled unstable threats.
42
What is Frelimo Electoral Dominance?
Democracy eroded by one-party rule, elite consolidation of power.
43
What was the Chris Hani Assassination?
April 1993 assassination of ANC and SACP leader. Used by apartheid regime to disrupt ANC unity and undermine MK during negotiations (Douek Conclusion).
44
What were the Wallmansthal Assembly Mutinies?
Site of MK desertions and protests against poor treatment during integration into SANDF. Mandela intervened personally (Douek Conclusion).
45
What was the SADF Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB)?
Apartheid death squad targeting ANC activists during and after the transition (Douek Conclusion).
46
What are Askaris?
Turned guerrillas used by apartheid intelligence to spy and kill former comrades. Operated in bases like Wallmansthal.
47
What is Transkei Counterinsurgency?
Apartheid's use of the Bantustans as proxy zones to repress insurgents and co-opt elites (Douek Ch.5).
48
What is Miscegenation Anxiety?
Gqola shows how colonial rape anxieties tied to racial purity and gendered violence, especially around white women and Black men (Gqola Ch.2).
49
What are ANC Masculinities?
Suttner: male struggle identities were complex — both liberatory and patriarchal, asserting adulthood under infantilising colonial rule (Gqola Ch.8).
50
What is Infantilisation?
Colonial legal discourse that classified Africans as 'boys and girls' — a racial hierarchy reinforced in law and policing (Gqola Ch.8).
51
What are Lubango Detentions?
Namibian SWAPO detained its own cadres in Angolan dungeons during the struggle. Post-independence, these survivors were marginalised (Saul, Metsola & Melber).
52
What is Memory Politics?
Selective narration of liberation history to marginalise dissenting voices and sanitise party-state narratives (Metsola & Melber).
53
What were the April 1989 Massacres?
Namibian ceasefire killings of SWAPO guerrillas by SADF. Remains a source of trauma and contested memory (Metsola & Melber).
54
What is Biopolitical Reintegration?
Namibian state used mass biometric, disciplinary, and bureaucratic techniques to manage and control ex-combatants (Metsola & Melber).
55
What is Julius Malema ‘War Talk’?
ANC Youth League rhetoric using militarised metaphors to threaten dissenters and enforce party loyalty (Gqola Ch.8).
56
What is Rape Culture in SA?
Systemic use of rape jokes and minimisation of sexual violence in media and elite discourse (Gqola Ch.8).
57
#RhodesMustFall?
Post-apartheid student movement critiquing persistent racism and colonial legacies in education (Gqola Ch.3).

POLI 422 (5 decks)

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