Key Terms Perfusion Week 3 Flashcards

(78 cards)

1
Q

Action potential

A

electrical stimulus created by the exchange of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions across the cardiac muscle cell membrane

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2
Q

Afterload

A

force the ventricles must overcome to eject their blood volume

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3
Q

Apical-radial pulse

A

rates normally identical; discrepancy in rates termed pulse deficit; assessed in patients with certain cardiovascular disorders

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4
Q

Arterial blood pressure

A

measure of pressure exerted by blood as it flows through arteries

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5
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

a condition in which elastic and muscular tissues of arteries are replaced with fibrous tissue and their ability to constrict and dilate decreases

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6
Q

Atrial gallop

A

the fourth heart sound (S4)

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7
Q

Automaticity

A

ability to generate an electrical impulse; usually only demonstrated by pacemaker cells

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8
Q

Bradycardia

A

heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute

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9
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

process of the contraction and subsequent relaxation of the heart that constitutes one heartbeat

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10
Q

Cardiac index

A

cardiac output (CO) adjusted for a patient’s body size or body surface area; provides useful data regarding heart’s ability to perfuse tissues

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11
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

amount of blood pumped by ventricles into pulmonary and systemic circulations in 1 minute; HR x SV = CO

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12
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

heart’s ability to respond to increase in strenuous activity and adjust cardiac output

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13
Q

Clotting

A

process used by the body to form a strong patch to stop bleeding

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14
Q

Clotting factors

A

plasma proteins involved in the process used by the body to stop bleeding

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15
Q

Coagulation

A

process the body uses to stop bleeding

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16
Q

Coagulation cascade

A

a complex series of events activated in the body via intrinsic or extrinsic pathways to control bleeding

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17
Q

Compliance

A

ability of arteries to contract and expand

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18
Q

Contractility

A

inherent capability of cardiac muscle fibers to shorten

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19
Q

Coronary circulation

A

network of vessels that supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the myocardium

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20
Q

Depolarization

A

phase when the heart contracts; initiated in the sinoatrial (SA) node

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21
Q

Desaturated blood

A

when oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood mix due to congenital heart defects

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22
Q

Diastole

A

phase of ventricular relaxation

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23
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

pressure when the ventricles are at rest; lower pressure; present at all time with arteries

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24
Q

Dysrhythmia (arrhythmia)

A

irregular pulse rhythm

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25
Ectopic
extra beats
26
Ejection fraction
represents the fraction or percentage of diastolic volume ejected from the heart during systole; equal to stroke volume (SV) divided by end-diastolic volume; normal range: 50-70%
27
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
a graphic record of the heart's activity
28
Electrocardiography
diagnostic test of cardiac function
29
Extrinsic pathway
initiated when blood leaks out of a vessel into tissue spaces
30
Fibrin
the insoluble protein end product of blood coagulation, formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin in the presence of calcium ions; fibrin threads form a meshwork for the basis of a blood clot
31
Fibrinogen
a high-molecular-weight protein in the blood plasma that by the action of thrombin is converted into fibrin; called also Factor I
32
Fibrinolysis
process the body uses for breaking down a clot
33
First heart sound (S1)
produced by closure of atrioventricular (AV) valves when ventricles fill; characterized by "lub"
34
Foramen ovale
opening between the atria of the fetal heart that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium and then into the left ventricle
35
Fourth heart sound (S4)
occurs in late diastole due to simultaneous atrial contraction and ejection of blood into the ventricles
36
Heart murmurs
disruption of blood flow into the heart either between the heart chambers or from the heart into the pulmonary or aortic systems that causes harsh, blowing sounds
37
Hematocrit
proportion of red blood cells (RBCs) to blood plasma
38
Hemostasis
process by which the body slows and stops blood flow
39
Hypotension
below normal blood pressure reading
40
Hypoxemia
lower than normal amounts of oxygen in the blood
41
Intrinsic pathway
part of the coagulation cascade; exposed collagen in the wall of a damaged vessel triggers a series of reactions that culminate in activation of Factor X
42
Ischemic
deprived of oxygen
43
Isoelectric line
straight line seen on an ECG representing an absence of electrical activity
44
Korotkoff sounds
a series of five characteristic sounds heard over an artery when assessing blood pressure using the auscultatory method.
45
Lead
insulated wire used to connect a patient to the ECG
46
Myocardial hypertrophy
increase in the size of muscle cells of the myocardium
47
Orthostatic hypotension
blood pressure that falls when a patient sits or stands
48
Pericardium
double layer of fibroserous membrane that encases the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures
49
Peripheral pulse
a pulse located away from the heart
50
Physiologic anemia of pregnancy
pseudoanemia caused by an increase in plasma volume that is greater than the erythrocyte increase resulting in a decrease in hematocrit
51
Plasmin
a protein that digests fibrin strands and dissolves clots; converted into its active state by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
52
Plasminogen
an inactive protein incorporated into a clot
53
Point of maximal impulse (PMI)
the central pulse located at the apex of the heart
54
Polycythemia
an increase in the number of RBCs
55
Preload
amount of cardiac muscle fiber tension of stretch that exists at the end of diastole
56
Prothrombin
a glycoprotein present in the plasma that is converted into thrombin by extrinsic thromboplastin during the second stage of blood clotting; also called Factor II
57
Pulmonary circulation
consists of right side of the heart, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillaries, and pulmonary vein
58
Pulmonary vascular resistance
pressure within the pulmonary blood vessels that must be overcome in order for blood to flow through the vessel
59
Pulse
wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
60
Pulse deficit
radial pulse rate falls behind the apical pulse rate indicating weak, ineffective contractions of the left ventricle
61
Pulse pressure
difference between diastolic and systolic pressures; normal is about 40 mmHg
62
Pulse rhythm
pattern of beats and intervals between the beats
63
Pulse volume
force of blood with each beat; also called pulse strength or amplitude
64
Refractory period
unique protective property of myocardial cells during which they resist stimulation; protects cardiac muscle from spasm and tetany
65
Second heart sound (S2)
produced by closure of semilunar valves when ventricles empty; characterized by "dub"
66
Stroke volume (SV)
difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume; range: 60-100 mL/beat; average is 70 mL/beat (adult)
67
Systemic circulation
high pressure system consisting of the left side of the heart, aorta and its branches and the systemic arterial system and capillaries; supplies blood to brain, peripheral tissues, systemic venous system, and vena cava
68
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
the force or resistance of the blood in the vessels that helps return blood to the heart
69
Systole
phase of ventricular contraction
70
Systolic blood pressure
pressure of blood resulting from contraction of the ventricles
71
Tachycardia
heart rate more than 100 beats per minute
72
Third heart sound (S3)
follows S2; occurs when blood flow into ventricles during opening of AV valve causes vibrations during diastole
73
Threshold potential
point at when an action potential is capable of being generated
74
Thrill
palpable vibration over the precordium or an artery
75
Thrombin
the activated form of prothrombin (Factor II), which catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin; also called Factor IIa
76
Tissue factor (TF)
protein found on the surface of some body cells
77
Ventricular gallop
third heart sound (S3)
78
Viscous
thickness of a liquid (e.g., blood)